Incontinence in persons with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a polish cohort.

Introduction: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is an important preventable public health concern, associated to a number of common pediatric problems such as incontinence. Little is known about the prevalence and presentation of incontinence in FASD, which hinders effective management.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate incontinence among people with FASD.

Detailed Assessment of Incontinence, Psychological Problems and Parental Stress in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Incontinence, psychological symptoms, parental stress and psychopathology were examined in 51 children (43 boys, mean age = 9.7 years) presented in an outpatient clinic for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and in 53 matched controls (43 boys, mean age = 10.2 years).

Central Nervous System Processing of Emotions in Children with Fecal Incontinence and Constipation.

Objective: Fecal incontinence and constipation are common disorders in childhood. The enteric nervous system and the central nervous system are highly interactive along the brain-gut axis. The interaction is mainly afferent.

Psychometric properties of the "parental questionnaire: Enuresis/urinary incontinence" (PQ-EnU).

Aims: The "Parental Questionnaire: Enuresis/Urinary Incontinence" (PQ-EnU) is widely-used in clinical assessment of nocturnal enuresis (NE) and daytime urinary incontinence (DUI). It includes 18 items regarding daytime (DW) and nighttime wetting (NW), 24 items concerning toilet habits (TH), and 14 items regarding behavioral problems (BP). The aim of the study was to evaluate reliability and validity of the PQ-EnU.

EEG Measurement of Emotion Processing in Children with Daytime Urinary Incontinence.

Objective: Daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) is common in childhood. The aim of the study was to neurophysiologically analyse the central emotion processing in children with DUI.

Method: In 20 children with DUI (mean age 8.

Incontinence in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are defined by persistent deficits in reciprocal social interaction, communication, and language, as well as stereotyped and repetitive behavior. Functional incontinence, as well as ASD are common disorders in childhood. The aim of this systematic review was to give an overview of the co-occurrence of nocturnal enuresis (NE), daytime urinary incontinence (DUI), and fecal incontinence (FI) in ASD, and vice versa, of ASD in children with incontinence.

Nocturnal incontinence in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) in a South African cohort.

Introduction: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are one of the leading preventable causes of intellectual disabilities (ID). Not much is known about the topic of pediatric incontinence related to FASD, for example nocturnal enuresis (NE), daytime urinary incontinence (DUI), and fecal incontinence (FI). So far, incontinence problems have been examined among children with other specific syndromes.

Incontinence and psychological symptoms in individuals with Mowat-Wilson Syndrome.

Background: Mowat-Wilson Syndrome (MWS) is caused by deletion/mutation of the ZEB2 gene on chromosome 2q22. MWS is characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, severe intellectual disability and other anomalies, e.g.

Toilet Phobia and Toilet Refusal In Children.

Toilet refusal syndrome (TRS) is a common disorder in toddlers, defined by use of diapers and refusal of toilet for defecation, while toilet phobia (TP) is a rare disorder in which toilets are avoided completely. Both disorders have not been described systematically in children, yet. Therefore, the aim was to present typical case vignettes illustrating different clinical presentations of TP and TRS.

Incontinence in persons with Down Syndrome.

Aims: To assess the rates of incontinence and associated psychological problems in children, adolescents and adults with Down Syndrome, a genetic syndrome caused by partial or complete triplication (trisomy) of chromosome 21 and characterized by typical facial features, a physical growth delay and mild or moderate intellectual disability.

Methods: Three hundred and seventeen persons with Down Syndrome (4-51 years) were recruited through a German parent support group (59.6% male, mean age 19.

Detailed assessment of incontinence in boys with fragile-X-syndrome in a home setting.

Unlabelled: Fragile-X-syndrome (FXS) is caused by a mutation on the X chromosome (Xq27.3). Males with a full mutation have typical dysmorphic signs, moderate intellectual disability and psychological disorders.

Voiding postponement in children-a systematic review.

Voiding postponement (VP) has been defined as a habitual postponement of micturition using holding maneuvers. VP can represent both a symptom, as well as a condition. As divergent definitions are used internationally, the aim was to review the current state of knowledge on VP and provide recommendations for assessment, diagnosis and treatment.

Incontinence in children, adolescents and adults with Williams syndrome.

Aims: Williams Syndrome (WS) is a microdeletion syndrome (chromosome 7q11.23) characterized by typical facial features, cardiovascular disease, behavioural symptoms, and mild intellectual disability (ID). The aim of this study was to assess the rates of incontinence and psychological problems in persons with WS.

Obesity, overweight, and eating problems in children with incontinence.

Objective: The aim was to analyze the prevalence of eating problems and specific associations between overweight, obesity, and eating behavior in children with incontinence.

Subjects And Methods: Forty-three consecutively presented children with incontinence, diagnosed to International Children's Continence Society standards, and 44 matched continent controls were examined prospectively. All children received a physical examination, sonography, and a one-dimensional intelligence test.

Incontinence in persons with Noonan Syndrome.

Objective: Noonan Syndrome (NS) is an autosomal neurodevelopmental disorder with a high phenotypic variability. Mutations in several genes of the RASMAPK signaling pathways are now known to be responsible for NS. Most of the children with NS are of average intelligence, one-third have a mild intellectual disability (ID) (IQ 50-79).

Incontinence and parent-reported oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in young children--a population-based study.

Background: Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and incontinence are common disorders of childhood. We have examined associations between ODD symptoms and incontinence in a representative sample of young children.

Methods: A questionnaire with seven questions referring to incontinence, eight DSM-IV items of ODD, 15 items of the Home Situations Questionnaire and six items regarding eating, drinking or toileting refusal was administered to the parents of 718 children at school-entry from a defined geographical area at school-entry.

Prevalence of incontinence, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in preschool children.

Externalizing disorders as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) are common in children with nocturnal enuresis (NE), daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) and faecal incontinence (FI). We examined the prevalence rates of ADHD, ODD and incontinence in a defined geographical area and analysed the association between externalizing disorders and subtypes of incontinence. 1,676 parents of children who were presented at the mandatory school-entry medical examination completed a questionnaire with all DSM-IV items of ADHD, ODD and six questions regarding incontinence.

Specific behavioral comorbidity in a large sample of children with functional incontinence: Report of 1,001 cases.

Aims: Psychological comorbidity among children with functional incontinence is high: 20-30% of children with nocturnal enuresis (NE), 20-40% of those with daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) and 30-50% of those with fecal incontinence (FI) have clinically relevant comorbid disorders. The aim of this study was to analyze specific comorbid behavioral symptoms for different subtypes of incontinence in a large group of children.

Methods: All 1,001 consecutive children and adolescents (67.

Toilet refusal syndrome in preschool children: do different subtypes exist?

Objectives: Toilet refusal syndrome (TRS) is a common, benign disorder in toddlers defined by the use of diapers and refusal of toilet for defaecation, but has not been described systematically in preschool children yet. The aim of the study was to analyse and identify possible subgroups of TRS.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of all of the consecutive children with TRS presented as outpatients in a clinic for elimination disorders.

Elimination disorders in persons with Prader-Willi and Fragile-X syndromes.

Aims: Elimination disorders are common in typically developing children. Only few studies have addressed elimination disorders in persons with intellectual disability (ID)-and even fewer studies in those with specific syndromes. The aim of the study was to investigate the rates of elimination disorders and behavioral symptoms in persons with Prader-Willi (PWS) and Fragile-X syndromes (FXS) in a large sample.

Children's concepts of the urinary tract.

Objective: To assess children's body concepts about anatomy and physiology of the urinary tract, children drew pictures responding to the question 'Where do you believe urine comes from?'

Subjects And Methods: A total of 152 children in three groups were examined. 81 children were out-patients. Of these, 36 children were being seen for the first time and 45 children had previously undergone bladder and bowel group training.

Comparison of ICD-10 and DC: 0-3R diagnoses in infants, toddlers and preschoolers.

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare diagnoses of patients from a special outpatient department for infants, toddlers and preschoolers. Specifically, overlap, age and gender differences according to the two classification systems DC: 0-3R and ICD-10 were examined. 299 consecutive children aged 0-5; 11 years received both ICD-10 and DC: 0-3R diagnoses.