Views of Rural US Adults About Health and Economic Concerns.

Importance: The 2016 US presidential election brought national visibility to prominent economic issues affecting rural America, yet little has been done to examine serious health or economic problems in rural communities from the perspectives of rural US adults themselves.

Objective: To examine views on the most serious health and economic concerns and potential solutions in rural communities.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This survey study used 2 cross-sectional probability-based telephone (cellular and landline) surveys of adults living in the rural United States.

Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of Latinos.

Objective: To examine experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination among Latinos in the United States, which broadly contribute to their poor health outcomes.

Data Source And Study Design: Data come from a nationally representative, probability-based telephone survey including 803 Latinos and a comparison group of 902 non-Hispanic white US adults, conducted January-April 2017.

Methods: We calculated the percent of Latinos reporting discrimination in several domains, including health care.

Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans.

Objective: To examine experiences of racial discrimination among black adults in the United States, which broadly contribute to their poor health outcomes.

Data Source And Study Design: Data come from a nationally representative, probability-based telephone survey including 802 non-Hispanic black and a comparison group of 902 non-Hispanic white US adults, conducted January-April 2017.

Methods: We calculated the percent of blacks reporting discrimination in several domains, including health care.

Gender discrimination in the United States: Experiences of women.

Objective: To examine reported experiences of gender discrimination and harassment among US women.

Data Source And Study Design: Data come from a nationally representative, probability-based telephone survey of 1596 women, conducted January-April 2017.

Methods: We calculated the percentages of women reporting gender discrimination and harassment in several domains, including health care.

Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Americans.

Objective: To examine reported experiences of discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) adults in the United States, which broadly contribute to poor health outcomes.

Data Source And Study Design: Data came from a national, probability-based telephone survey of US adults, including 489 LGBTQ adults (282 non-Hispanic whites and 201 racial/ethnic minorities), conducted January-April 2017.

Methods: We calculated the percentages of LGBTQ adults reporting experiences of discrimination in health care and several other domains related to their sexual orientation and, for transgender adults, gender identity.

Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of Asian Americans.

Objective: To examine experiences of racial discrimination among Asian Americans, which broadly contribute to poor health outcomes.

Data Source And Study Design: Data come from a nationally representative, probability-based telephone survey, including 500 Asian and a comparison group of 902 white US adults, conducted January to April 2017.

Methods: We calculated the percent of Asian Americans reporting discrimination in several domains, including health care.

Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of Native Americans.

Objective: To examine reported racial discrimination and harassment against Native Americans, which broadly contribute to poor health outcomes.

Data Source And Study Design: Data come from a nationally representative, probability-based telephone survey including 342 Native American and 902 white US adults, conducted January-April 2017.

Methods: We calculated the percent of Native Americans reporting discrimination in several domains, including health care.

Factors modulating social influence on spatial choice in rats.

Three experiments examined the conditions under which the spatial choices of rats searching for food are influenced by the choices made by other rats. Model rats learned a consistent set of baited locations in a 5 × 5 matrix of locations, some of which contained food. In Experiment 1, subject rats could determine the baited locations after choosing 1 location because all of the baited locations were on the same side of the matrix during each trial (the baited side varied over trials).

Discrimination of complex human behavior by pigeons (Columba livia) and humans.

The cognitive and neural mechanisms for recognizing and categorizing behavior are not well understood in non-human animals. In the current experiments, pigeons and humans learned to categorize two non-repeating, complex human behaviors ("martial arts" vs. "Indian dance").

Same/different discrimination by bumblebee colonies.

Bumblebees were exposed to a discrimination procedure in which reinforcement was contingent on choice of one of two spatial locations. The correct choice depended on whether a stimulus display contained two identical stimuli or two different stimuli. Some bees were trained with color stimuli and tested with line grating stimuli and others with the opposite arrangement.