Spinal Cord Stimulation for Post Total Knee Replacement Pain: A Case Series.

It is not uncommon for orthopedic patients to experience pain following a total knee replacement (TKR). Use of oral pain medications, nerve blocks, and periarticular injections are implemented to provide multimodal analgesia and to reduce postoperative chronic pain. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can also be used to control pain in patients who are refractory to conservative measures.

Intraoperative Administration of Dexmedetomidine and Dexamethasone in Local Anesthetic Infiltration to Improve Postoperative Pain Control After Posterior Cervical Fusion.

Dexmedetomidine, a selective and potent α2-adrenoceptor agonist, is used for its anxiolytic, sedative, and analgesic properties. Dexamethasone is a high-potency, long-acting glucocorticoid that has been shown to provide analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. At present, little has been published with regard to the effectiveness of these drugs as dual agents with local anesthetics for analgesia.

Dual Enkephalinase Inhibitors and Their Role in Chronic Pain Management.

Purpose Of Review: Dual enkephalinase inhibitors (DENKIs) are pain medications that indirectly activate opioid receptors and can be used as an alternative to traditional opioids. Understanding the physiology of enkephalins and their inhibitors and the pharmacology of these drugs will allow for proper clinical application for chronic pain patients in the future.

Recent Findings: DENKIs can be used as an alternative mode of analgesia for patients suffering from chronic pain by preventing the degradation of endogenous opioid ligands.