Heat activates the AAA+ HslUV protease by melting an axial autoinhibitory plug.

At low temperatures, protein degradation by the AAA+ HslUV protease is very slow. New crystal structures reveal that residues in the intermediate domain of the HslU unfoldase can plug its axial channel, blocking productive substrate binding and subsequent unfolding, translocation, and degradation by the HslV peptidase. Biochemical experiments with wild-type and mutant enzymes support a model in which heat-induced melting of this autoinhibitory plug activates HslUV proteolysis.