Feasibility of spectral pH measurement during the low-pH virus inactivation step of continuous therapeutic antibody production.

Acidic virus inactivation is commonly used during production of biotherapeutic products to provide virus safety in case of undetected virus contamination. Accurate pH measurement is required to ensure the product pH reaches a virus-inactivating level (typically 3.5-3.

Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan.

The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) increase in abundance following damage to the spinal cord and inhibit neurite outgrowth. Major advances in understanding the interaction between outgrowing neurites and CSPGs has created a need for more robust and quantitative analyses to further our understanding of this interaction.

Proteoglycans of reactive rat cortical astrocyte cultures: abundance of N-unsubstituted glucosamine-enriched heparan sulfate.

"Reactive" astrocytes and other glial cells in the injured CNS produce an altered extracellular matrix (ECM) that influences neuronal regeneration. We have profiled the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) component of proteoglycans (PGs) produced by reactive neonatal rat cortical astrocytes, and have quantified their neurite-outgrowth inhibitory activity. PGs extracted from cell layers and medium were fractionated on DEAE-Sephacel with a gradient of NaCl from 0.

Proteoglycans: road signs for neurite outgrowth.

Proteoglycans in the central nervous system play integral roles as "traffic signals" for the direction of neurite outgrowth. This attribute of proteoglycans is a major factor in regeneration of the injured central nervous system. In this review, the structures of proteoglycans and the evidence suggesting their involvement in the response following spinal cord injury are presented.

Comparison of sensory neuron growth cone and filopodial responses to structurally diverse aggrecan variants, in vitro.

Following spinal cord injury, a regenerating neurite encounters a glial scar enriched in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which presents a major barrier. There are two points at which a neurite makes contact with glial scar CSPGs: initially, filopodia surrounding the growth cone extend and make contact with CSPGs, then the peripheral domain of the entire growth cone makes CSPG contact. Aggrecan is a CSPG commonly used to model the effect CSPGs have on elongating or regenerating neurites.

Pharmacological enhancement of glutamate transport reduces excitotoxicity in vitro.

Purpose: Glutamate transporters are responsible for removing glutamate from the extracellular space and have the potential to protect neurons from excitotoxicity. In the present study, the effects of ceftriaxone and (2R, 4R)-APDC (APDC) on the protein expression of GLAST and GLT-1, the rate of glutamate uptake, and neuroprotection were evaluated in a cell culture model of glutamate excitotoxicity.

Methods: Mixed neuron/astrocyte cultures were prepared from 1 day old rat pups.