Characterization of myocardial perfusion imaging systems - an extension of quality metrics.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) systems in detecting perfusion defects (PDs). The defect perfusion index (DPI) was introduced to extend and further advance the current MPI quality metrics.

Methods: An anthropomorphic phantom simulating normal and pathological myocardial perfusion conditions was imaged by various NaI-crystal detector systems with and without corrections for scatter (SC) and attenuation (AC) (Symbia, Symbia + SC, Symbia IQ + SCAC, Symbia IQ), and cadmium-zinc-telluride detector systems without corrections (DSPECT, D530c).

On dosimetric characteristics of detectors for relative dosimetry in small fields: a multicenter experimental study.

. In this multicentric collaborative study, we aimed to verify whether the selected radiation detectors satisfy the requirements of TRS-483 Code of Practice for relative small field dosimetry in megavoltage photon beams used in radiotherapy, by investigating four dosimetric characteristics. Furthermore, we intended to analyze and complement the recommendations given in TRS-483.

Determination of volume averaging correction factors using an elliptical absorbed dose model for Gamma Knife Perfexion.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to calculate volume averaging correction factors for detectors used in the dosimetry of Gamma Knife's narrow photon beams, and to determine the impact of volume averaging on the field output correction factor.

Methods: Simulations of different Gamma Knife fields were done using elliptical dose model formalism with newly introduced fit functions. To determine volume averaging correction factors a calculation of the absorbed dose over the volume of the detector was performed.

Reduction of SPECT acquisition time using deep learning: A phantom study.

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) procedures are characterized by long acquisition time to acquire diagnostically acceptable image data. The goal of this investigation was to assess the feasibility of using a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) to reduce the acquisition time. The DCNN was implemented using the PyTorch and trained using image data from standard SPECT quality phantoms.

Dosimetric accuracy of three dose calculation algorithms for radiation therapy of in situ non-small cell lung carcinoma.

Background: Study determines differences in calculated dose distributions for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSC LC) patients. NSC LC cases were investigated, being the most common lung cancer treated by radiotherapy in our clinical practice.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective study of 15 NSCLC patient dose distributions originally calculated using standard superposition (SS) and recalculated using collapsed cone (CC ) and Monte Carlo (MC) based algorithm expressed as dose to medium in medium (MCD) and dose to water in medium (MCD) was performed so that prescribed dose covers at least 99% of the gross target volume (GTV).

National reference levels of CT procedures dedicated for treatment planning in radiation oncology.

Objective: To present results of the first national survey on reference levels of CT imaging performed for the treatment planning purposes in radiation oncology in Croatia.

Methods: Data for CT protocols of five anatomical regions including head, head and neck, pelvis, breast, and thorax were collected at eight radiation oncology departments in Croatia. Data included volume CT dose index (CTDI), dose-length product (DLP), scan length and set of acquisition and reconstruction parameters.

Virtual monoenergetic dual-energy CT reconstructions at 80 keV are optimal non-contrast CT technique for early stroke detection.

Background: Virtual monoenergetic (VM) dual-energy computed tomography (DE-CT) enables grey-to-white matter contrast-to-noise ratio optimization, potentially increasing ischaemic brain oedema visibility. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of VM and standard DE-CT reconstructions for early stroke detection.

Methods: Consecutive patients with non-contrast DE-CT of the brain scanned within 12 h of stroke symptom onset were prospectively included in the study.

The role of self-evaluation and education of radiographers involved in a breast cancer screening program at Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka.

Introduction: Early breast cancer detection can be achieved by enforcing the quality of mammography screening program. Hence, proper breast positioning is necessary. Systematic education of radiographers on mammographic positioning is a prerequisite for obtaining high-quality mammograms.

Optimization of paranasal sinus CT procedure: Ultra-low dose CT as a roadmap for pre-functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Objective: To assess image quality and radiation dose associated with ultra-low dose CT protocol for patients with benign paranasal sinus diseases undergoing functional endoscopic surgery (FESS).

Methods: We scanned the head portion of Alderson RANDO phantom on a second generation, dual-source, multidetector-row CT scanner (Siemens Definition Flash) using standard-dose and five low-dose protocols. Two radiologists assessed the image quality for each protocol to determine best ultra-low-dose protocols for imaging patients with benign paranasal sinus diseases undergoing FESS.

National survey to set diagnostic reference levels in nuclear medicine single photon emission imaging in Croatia.

Purpose: In order to introduce the concept of diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in the national nuclear medicine practice a survey was proposed and completed through all nuclear medicine departments in Croatia. An additional aim was to increase the awareness of importance and full implementation of a comprehensive quality program that includes devices used in the nuclear medicine chain.

Methods: Data were collected for more than 30 nuclear medicine single photon emission procedures.

Experimental validation of Monte Carlo based treatment planning system in bone density equivalent media.

Introduction Advanced, Monte Carlo (MC) based dose calculation algorithms, determine absorbed dose as dose to medium-in-medium (Dm,m) or dose to water-in-medium (Dw,m). Some earlier studies identified the differences in the absorbed doses related to the calculation mode, especially in the bone density equivalent (BDE) media. Since the calculation algorithms built in the treatment planning systems (TPS) should be dosimetrically verified before their use, we analyzed dose differences between two calculation modes for the Elekta Monaco TPS.

Use of Multiphase CT Protocols in 18 Countries: Appropriateness and Radiation Doses.

Purpose: To assess the frequency, appropriateness, and radiation doses associated with multiphase computed tomography (CT) protocols for routine chest and abdomen-pelvis examinations in 18 countries.

Materials And Methods: In collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency, multi-institutional data on clinical indications, number of scan phases, scan parameters, and radiation dose descriptors (CT dose-index volume; dose-length product [DLP]) were collected for routine chest (n = 1706 patients) and abdomen-pelvis (n = 426 patients) CT from 18 institutions in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Two radiologists scored the need for each phase based on clinical indications (1 = not indicated, 2 = probably indicated, 3 = indicated).

Output correction factors for small static fields in megavoltage photon beams for seven ionization chambers in two orientations - perpendicular and parallel.

Purpose: The goal of the present work was to provide a large set of detector-specific output correction factors for seven small volume ionization chambers on two linear accelerators in four megavoltage photon beams utilizing perpendicular and parallel orientation of ionization chambers in the beam for nominal field sizes ranging from 0.5 cm  × 0.5 cm to 10 cm × 10 cm .

Determination of physiotherapy ultrasound beam quality parameters from images derived using thermochromic material.

The evaluation of the performance of nine physiotherapy ultrasound transducers used clinically was performed in the hospital environment using an acoustically absorbing thermocromic tile developed at the National Physical Laboratory (UK). The method consists of exposing an acoustic absorber tile, part of which contains a thermochromic pigment, to the ultrasonic beam, thereby forming an image of the intensity profile of the transducer. Images acquired using thermochromic materials were postprocessed in order to estimate effective radiating area (ERA) and beam nonuniformity ratio (BNR) for ultrasound transducers operating within the frequency range from 1.

A mechanism to prevent production of reactive oxygen species by Escherichia coli respiratory complex I.

Respiratory complex I plays a central role in cellular energy metabolism coupling NADH oxidation to proton translocation. In humans its dysfunction is associated with degenerative diseases. Here we report the structure of the electron input part of Aquifex aeolicus complex I at up to 1.

IMPLEMENTATION OF QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM IN RADIOGRAPHY-2-YEAR EXPERIENCE OF COLLABORATION WITH PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN WEST REGION OF CROATIA.

Quality Assurance program on using ionizing radiation is mandatory in all EU member states but this is still not implemented in most facilities in Croatia mostly because of a lack of medical physicists in diagnostic radiology. Since public health institutions in Croatia do not employ medical physicists in diagnostic radiology, collaboration between these institutions in west region of Croatia with Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka (CHC) was initiated during the year 2015. Physicists from CHC Rijeka performed periodical Quality Control (QC) tests and were included in optimization process.

A novel method for the determination of field output factors and output correction factors for small static fields for six diodes and a microdiamond detector in megavoltage photon beams.

Purpose: The goal of this work is to provide a large and consistent set of data for detector-specific output correction factors, , for small static fields for seven solid-state detectors and to determine field output factors, , using EBT3 radiochromic films and W1 plastic scintillator as reference detectors on two different linear accelerators and four megavoltage photon beams. Consistent measurement conditions and recommendations given in the International Code of Practice TRS-483 for small-field dosimetry were followed throughout the study.

Methods: were determined on two linacs, Elekta Versa HD and Varian TrueBeam, for 6 and 10 MV beams with and without flattening filter and for nine fields ranging from 0.

Establishing the European diagnostic reference levels for interventional cardiology.

Interventional cardiac procedures may be associated with high patient doses and therefore require special attention to protect the patients from radiation injuries such as skin erythema, cardiovascular tissue reactions or radiation-induced cancer. In this study, patient exposure data is collected from 13 countries (37 clinics and nearly 50 interventional rooms) and for 10 different procedures. Dose data was collected from a total of 14,922 interventional cardiology procedures.

TRPV1 mediates capsaicin-stimulated metabolic activity but not cell death or inhibition of interleukin-1β release in human THP-1 monocytes.

Human monocytes and dendritic cells express transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) which may play a role in mediating the inflammatory, immune and cancer surveillance responses of these cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate TRPV1 expression and function in THP-1 monocytic cells. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect TRPV1.

Evaluation of two-dimensional dose distributions for pre-treatment patient-specific IMRT dosimetry.

Background The accuracy of dose calculation is crucial for success of the radiotherapy treatment. One of the methods that represent the current standard for patient-specific dosimetry is the evaluation of dose distributions measured with an ionization chamber array inside a homogeneous phantom using gamma method. Nevertheless, this method does not replicate the realistic conditions present when a patient is undergoing therapy.

Charge transfer through a fragment of the respiratory complex I and its regulation: an atomistic simulation approach.

We simulate electron transfer within a fragment of the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (respiratory complex I) of the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus. We apply molecular dynamics simulations, thermodynamic integration, and a thermodynamic network least squares analysis to compute two key parameters of Marcus' theory of charge transfer, the thermodynamic driving force and the reorganization energy. Intramolecular contributions to the Gibbs free energy differences of electron and hydrogen transfer processes, ΔG, are accessed by calibrating against experimental redox titration data.

Murine CMV Expressing the High Affinity NKG2D Ligand MULT-1: A Model for the Development of Cytomegalovirus-Based Vaccines.

The development of a vaccine against human cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been a subject of long-term medical interest. The research during recent years identified CMV as an attractive vaccine vector against infectious diseases and tumors. The immune response to CMV persists over a lifetime and its unique feature is the inflationary T cell response to certain viral epitopes.

Comparison of calculated dose distributions reported as dose-to-water and dose-to-medium for intensity-modulated radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal cancer patients.

Advanced dose calculation algorithms for radiation therapy treatment planning can report external beam photon dose 2-sided, in terms of dose-to-medium (D) and dose-to-water (D). The purpose of our study was to determinate the effect of D and D reporting modes built in Elekta Monaco treatment planning system on intensity-modulated radiotherapy dose distributions for patients with nasopharyngeal cancer. For 13 patients involved in this retrospective study, 2 plans were created: 1 using D and another according to D reporting mode.

Estimated collective effective dose to the population from nuclear medicine diagnostic procedures in Croatia: A comparison of 2010 and 2015.

Objective: This study presents national surveys of patient exposure from nuclear medicine (NM) diagnostic procedures in 2010 and 2015 in the Republic of Croatia.

Methods: The survey was performed according to the European Commission Dose DataMed (DDM) project methodology. 28 most frequent NM diagnostic procedures were identified.

NKG2D stimulation of CD8 T cells during priming promotes their capacity to produce cytokines in response to viral infection in mice.

Natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) is an activating receptor that is expressed on most cytotoxic cells of the immune system, including NK cells, γδ, and CD8 T cells. It is still a matter of debate whether and how NKG2D mediates priming of CD8 T cells in vivo, due to a lack of studies where NKG2D is eliminated exclusively in these cells. Here, we studied the impact of NKG2D on effector CD8 T-cell formation.