Characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes related to Zika virus infection during pregnancy in Northeastern Thailand: A prospective pregnancy cohort study, 2018-2020.

Background: In response to the 2015-2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak and the causal relationship established between maternal ZIKV infection and adverse infant outcomes, we conducted a cohort study to estimate the incidence of ZIKV infection in pregnancy and assess its impacts in women and infants.

Methodology/principal Findings: From May 2018-January 2020, we prospectively followed pregnant women recruited from 134 participating hospitals in two non-adjacent provinces in northeastern Thailand. We collected demographic, clinical, and epidemiologic data and blood and urine at routine antenatal care visits until delivery.

Correction: Mahasing et al. Myocarditis and Pericarditis following COVID-19 Vaccination in Thailand. 2023, , 749.

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this published paper [...

Myocarditis and Pericarditis following COVID-19 Vaccination in Thailand.

Background: Myocarditis and pericarditis cases following Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination were reported worldwide. In Thailand, COVID-19 vaccines were approved for emergency use. Adverse event following immunization (AEFI) surveillance has been strengthened to ensure the safety of the vaccines.

Good recovery of immunization stress-related responses presenting as a cluster of stroke-like events following CoronaVac and ChAdOx1 vaccinations.

Background: Immunization stress-related responses presenting as stroke-like symptoms could develop following COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of immunization stress-related responses causing stroke-like events following COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of the secondary data of reported adverse events after COVID-19 immunization that presented with neurologic manifestations.

Serological Differences after Acute Zika Virus Infections between Children and Adults: Implication for Use of a Serological Test.

Information is limited regarding differential serological responses after acute Zika virus (ZIKV) infections and prevalence of cross-reactivity with anti-dengue virus (DENV) assays comparing children and adults. Early convalescent sera from a cohort of suspected mild DENV cases between December 2016 and September 2018 at Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute in Thailand were tested for nonstructural protein 1 (NS1)-based anti-ZIKV IgM and IgG ELISAs (Euroimmun), and in-house anti-DENV IgM- and IgG-capture ELISAs. ZIKV cases were identified by positive real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction on urine.

Zika Virus Disease Comparing Children and Adults in a Dengue-Endemic Setting.

Acute Zika virus (ZIKV) infection may mimic dengue virus (DENV) infection. We aimed to study the clinical difference of ZIKV disease among suspected non-severe DENV patients comparing children and adults. Patients with acute illness suspected of DENV disease plus no evidence of plasma leakage at the Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute, Nonthaburi, Thailand, were enrolled from December 2016 to September 2018.

Favipiravir-based regimen for coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia for a 47-day-old male newborn.

the newborn is a difficult-to-treat condition. Early clinical signs of pneumonia are nonspecific and present as respiratory distress of varying severity, and tachypnea is a predominant clinical sign. A 47-day-old, asymptomatic male newborn of infected mother tested positive for by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Machine-learning classification of neurocognitive performance in children with perinatal HIV initiating de novo antiretroviral therapy.

Objective: To develop a predictive model of neurocognitive trajectories in children with perinatal HIV (pHIV).

Design: Machine learning analysis of baseline and longitudinal predictors derived from clinical measures utilized in pediatric HIV.

Methods: Two hundred and eighty-five children (ages 2-14 years at baseline; Mage = 6.

Trajectory Analysis of Cognitive Outcomes in Children With Perinatal HIV.

Background: Children with perinatal HIV (pHIV) may display distinct long-term cognitive phenotypes. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify clusters of children with pHIV after similar developmental trajectories and predictors of belonging to select cognitive trajectory groups.

Methods: Participants included children, 4-17 years of age, with pHIV in Thailand and Cambodia.

Emotional and behavioral resilience among children with perinatally acquired HIV in Thailand and Cambodia.

Objectives: Psychosocial challenges associated with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) infection are well known, yet many children infected with HIV since birth demonstrate positive outcomes, referred to as resilience. The purpose of this study was to evaluate emotional-behavioral development and identify salient predictors of resilience among long-term survivors of PHIV.

Design: Prospective investigation of children with PHIV compared with demographically similar perinatally HIV-exposed but uninfected (PHEU) and HIV-unexposed, uninfected (HUU) children, all from Thailand and Cambodia.

Treatment Outcomes of Third-line Antiretroviral Regimens in HIV-infected Thai Adolescents.

Background: Efficacy and safety data of third-line antiretroviral (ARV) regimens in adolescents are limited.

Methodology: This study enrolled HIV-infected Thais who were treated with third-line regimens consisting of darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r), etravirine (ETR), tipranavir/ritonavir or raltegravir.

Results: Fifty-four adolescents 2-17 years of age were enrolled from 8 sites and followed for 48 weeks.

Soluble CD163 and monocyte populations in response to antiretroviral therapy and in relationship with neuropsychological testing among HIV-infected children.

Background: Monocytes play a central role in HIV neuropathogenesis, but there are limited data on monocyte subsets and markers of monocyte activation in perinatally HIV-infected children.

Objective: To determine the relationship between monocyte subsets, the sCD163 monocyte activation marker, and neuropsychological performance among perinatally HIV-infected children initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods: ART-naïve children from the PREDICT study were categorised into two groups: those on ART for ≥24 weeks (ART group, =201) and those untreated (no ART group, =79).

The validity of clinical practice guidelines for empirical use of oseltamivir for influenza in Thai children.

Background: Clinical practice guidelines for influenza have been implemented to maximise the appropriate use of empirical oseltamivir; however, good predictive values are required.

Methods: Between October 2011 and September 2013, children aged < 15 years who presented at the Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute with an influenza-like illness plus either (i) pneumonia or (ii) being in a higher risk group for influenza complications were prospectively enrolled. Respiratory specimens were taken for real-time polymerase chain reaction testing (RT-PCR).

Comparison of adherence monitoring tools and correlation to virologic failure in a pediatric HIV clinical trial.

There is no consensus on a gold standard for monitoring adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). We compared different adherence monitoring tools in predicting virologic failure as part of a clinical trial. HIV-infected Thai and Cambodian children aged 1-12 years (N=207) were randomized to immediate-ART or deferred-ART until CD4% <15%.

Neurodevelopmental outcomes in HIV-exposed-uninfected children versus those not exposed to HIV.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative children born to HIV-infected mothers may exhibit differences in neurodevelopment (ND) compared to age- and gender-matched controls whose lives have not been affected by HIV. This could occur due to exposure to HIV and antiretroviral agents in utero and perinatally, or differences in the environment in which they grow up. This study assessed neurodevelopmental outcomes in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) and HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) children enrolled as controls in a multicenter ND study from Thailand and Cambodia.

Association between lymphocyte and monocyte subsets and cognition in children with HIV.

Background: This study assesses the relationships between lymphocyte and monocyte subsets and intelligence quotient (IQ) scores in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive, HIV-infected Thai children without advanced HIV disease.

Findings: Sixty-seven ART-naive Thai children with CD4 between 15-24% underwent cognitive testing by Weschler intelligence scale and had 13 cell subsets performed by flow cytometry including naive, memory and activated subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, activated and perivascular monocytes and B cells. Regression modelling with log10 cell count and cell percentage transformation was performed.

Impact of antiretroviral therapy on quality of life in HIV-infected Southeast Asian children in the PREDICT study.

Quality of life (QOL) is an important antiretroviral treatment (ART) outcome. We compared QOL among 299 Thai and Cambodian children ages 1-12 years-old, CD4 15-24% randomized to early (ART at week 0, N=149) versus deferred groups (ART when at CD4 <15%, N=150) and also compared with QOL data from age-matched healthy controls (N=275). Primary caregivers completed PACTG QOL questionnaires at week 0 and every 24 weeks until 144 weeks.

Cognitive function and neurodevelopmental outcomes in HIV-infected Children older than 1 year of age randomized to early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy: the PREDICT neurodevelopmental study.

Background: We previously reported similar AIDS-free survival at 3 years in children who were >1 year old initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) and randomized to early versus deferred ART in the Pediatric Randomized to Early versus Deferred Initiation in Cambodia and Thailand (PREDICT) study. We now report neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Methods: Two hundred eighty-four HIV-infected Thai and Cambodian children aged 1-12 years with CD4 counts between 15% and 24% and no AIDS-defining illness were randomized to initiate ART at enrollment ("early," n = 139) or when CD4 count became <15% or a Centers for Disease Control (CDC) category C event developed ("deferred," n = 145).

Early versus deferred antiretroviral therapy for children older than 1 year infected with HIV (PREDICT): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial.

Background: The optimum time to start antiretroviral therapy for children diagnosed with HIV infection after 1 year of age is unknown. We assessed whether antiretroviral therapy could be deferred until CD4 percentages declined to less than 15% without affecting AIDS-free survival.

Methods: In our multicentre, randomised, open-label trial at nine research sites in Thailand and Cambodia, we enrolled children aged 1-12 years who were infected with HIV and had CD4 percentages of 15-24%.

Prevalence of human leukocyte antigen-B*5701 among HIV-infected children in Thailand and Cambodia: implications for abacavir use.

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*5701 allele is associated with abacavir hypersensitivity. Limited data among Asians showed lower rates of HLA-B*5701 compared with Caucasians. In 296 children with HIV in Thailand and Cambodia, the prevalence of HLA-B*5701 was 4.

Prevalence of anemia and underlying iron status in naive antiretroviral therapy HIV-infected children with moderate immune suppression.

Anemia is common in HIV-infected children and iron deficiency is thought to be a common cause. This study investigates the prevalence of anemia, thalassemia, and underlying iron status in Thai and Cambodian children without advanced HIV disease to determine the necessity of routine iron supplementation. Antiretroviral (ARV)-naive HIV-infected Asian children aged 1-12 years, with CD4 15-24%, CDC A or B, and hemoglobin (Hb) ≥7.

High prevalence of lipid abnormalities among antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected Asian children with mild-to-moderate immunosuppression.

Background: Dyslipidaemia is a common complication among HIV-infected children after antiretroviral therapy (ART); however, HIV itself can cause abnormal lipid metabolism. There is limited information of lipid profiles among Asian HIV-infected children naive to ART.

Methods: A total of 274 HIV-infected ART-naive Thai and Cambodian children aged 1-12 years with CD4% between 15% and 24% were included.