Alleviating hypoxia by integrating MnO with metal-organic frameworks coated upconversion nanocomposites for enhanced photodynamic therapy .

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires the participation of abundant oxygen while the hypoxic tumor microenvironment limits the efficacy of PDT. Here, upconversion luminescent nanocomposites coated with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized and modified with MnO (named UMMnP) to alleviate hypoxia of the tumor microenvironment. Under 980 nm light irradiation, the upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) achieve upconversion emission to excite porphyrin MOFs, which then transfer energy to oxygen to produce singlet oxygen for PDT.