Recommendations of Lifestyle Modification According to a Survey of First-Year University Students.

Background: We analyzed what kind of lifestyle modification first-year university students need based on the results of a health-consciousness survey conducted in first-year students immediately after they entered a university.

Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study used a "questionnaire survey on lifestyle and health for promoting health" conducted in Japan in 2015. From among an initial pool of 3,912 students, we excluded 314 due to insufficient data.

Long-term retention of pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes in rat lungs after intratracheal instillation.

As a result of the growing potential industrial and medical applications of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), people working in or residing near facilities that manufacture them may be exposed to airborne MWCNTs in the future. Because of concerns regarding their toxicity, quantitative data on the long-term clearance of pristine MWCNTs from the lungs are required. We administered pristine MWCNTs well dispersed in 0.

Risk Assessment of the Carbon Nanotube Group.

This study assessed the health risks via inhalation and derived the occupational exposure limit (OEL) for the carbon nanotube (CNT) group rather than individual CNT material. We devised two methods: the integration of the intratracheal instillation (IT) data with the inhalation (IH) data, and the "biaxial approach." A four-week IH test and IT test were performed in rats exposed to representative materials to obtain the no observed adverse effect level, based on which the OEL was derived.

Cost and effectiveness of decontamination strategies in radiation contaminated areas in Fukushima in regard to external radiation dose.

The objective of the present study is to evaluate the cost and effectiveness of decontamination strategies in the special decontamination areas in Fukushima in regard to external radiation dose. A geographical information system (GIS) was used to relate the predicted external dose in the affected areas to the number of potential inhabitants and the land use in the areas. A comprehensive review of the costs of various decontamination methods was conducted as part of the analysis.

Analysis of pulmonary surfactant in rat lungs after intratracheal instillation of short and long multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are interesting new materials, but there is some concern about their harmfulness due to their fibrous nature. To determine the difference in the biological effects of MWCMTs by fiber length, we prepared two MWCNT samples from one bulk sample. One consisted of cut up short fibers (Short; average length=0.

Dermal and ocular irritation and skin sensitization studies of fullerene C60 nanoparticles.

Context: Widespread production and use of nanomaterials have caused the release of increasing amounts of nanomaterials into the environment. The introduction of novel materials into industry requires safety evaluations as well as an understanding of the impact of the nanomaterials on human health, because the unique properties and size of nanomaterials may also result in unique health risks. Skin and eyes have the highest risk of exposure to nanomaterials, because deposition to the superficial organs has the potential to be a major route of exposure during the manufacturing, use, and disposal of nanomaterials.

In vivo comet assay of multi-walled carbon nanotubes using lung cells of rats intratracheally instilled.

The genotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was evaluated in vivo with comet assays using the lung cells of rats given MWCNTs. The MWCNTs were intratracheally instilled as a single dose at 0.2 or 1.

Genotoxicity evaluation for single-walled carbon nanotubes in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays.

The genotoxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was determined using a battery of genotoxicity assays, comprising a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test and a mammalian erythrocytes micronucleus test. SWCNTs had no mutagenicity in S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 or TA1537, or in E.

In vivo genotoxicity study of single-wall carbon nanotubes using comet assay following intratracheal instillation in rats.

The genotoxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was evaluated in vivo using the comet assay after intratracheal instillation in rats. The SWCNTs were instilled at a dosage of 0.2 or 1.

Evaluation of genotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays.

The genotoxic potential of two products of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (coded as N-MWCNTs, diameter of 44 nm/BET surface area of 69 m²/g and MWNT-7, diameter of 70 nm/BET surface area of 23 m²/g) was evaluated using a battery of genotoxicity assays, comprising a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and a mammalian erythrocytes micronucleus test. Neither type exerted mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, or in Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, in the absence or presence of metabolic activation. The products of MWCNTs did not increase the number of structural chromosomal aberrations either, regardless of metabolic activation, though they increased the number of numerical chromosomal aberrations, one slightly and the other distinctly, in the absence of metabolic activation.

Genotoxicity evaluation of fullerene C60 nanoparticles in a comet assay using lung cells of intratracheally instilled rats.

The genotoxicity of fullerene C(60) nanoparticles was evaluated in vivo with comet assays using the lung cells of rats given C(60) nanoparticles. The C(60) nanoparticles were intratracheally instilled as a single dose at 0.5 or 2.

In vivo genotoxicity study of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using comet assay following intratracheal instillation in rats.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is widely used as a white pigment in paints, plastics, inks, paper, creams, cosmetics, drugs and foods. In the present study, the genotoxicity of anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles was evaluated in vivo using the comet assay after a single or repeated intratracheal instillation in rats. The nanoparticles were instilled intratracheally at a dosage of 1.

Biopersistence of inhaled MWCNT in rat lungs in a 4-week well-characterized exposure.

It is important to conduct a risk assessment that includes hazard assessment and exposure assessment for the safe production and handling of newly developed nanomaterials. We conducted an inhalation study of a multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as a hazard assessment. Male Wistar rats were exposed to well-dispersed MWCNT for 4 weeks by whole body inhalation.

Pulmonary and systemic responses of highly pure and well-dispersed single-wall carbon nanotubes after intratracheal instillation in rats.

The present study was conducted to assess the pulmonary and systemic responses in rats after intratracheal instillation of highly pure, well-dispersed, and well-characterized SWCNTs. Exposure to SWCNTs up to 2 mg/kg did not produce mortality, changes in clinical signs, or body weights during the observation period. Dose-dependent changes were observed in the lung weight, BALF inflammatory cells, and biochemical parameters such as LDH value, protein content, IL-1β and IL-6 activity, and histopathology.

Pulmonary toxicity of well-dispersed single-wall carbon nanotubes after inhalation.

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were well-dispersed by ultrasonication to conduct an inhalation study. SWCNTs were generated using a pressurised nebuliser with liquid suspension of SWCNTs. Wistar rats were exposed to the well-dispersed SWCNT (diameter of bundle: 0.

Evaluation of dermal and eye irritation and skin sensitization due to carbon nanotubes.

The present paper summarizes the results of our studies on dermal and eye irritation and skin sensitization due to carbon nanotubes (CNTs), whose potential applications and uses are wide and varied, including CNT-enhanced plastics, electromagnetic interference/radio-frequency (EMI/RFI) shielding, antistatic material, flexible fibers and advanced polymers, medical and health applications, and scanning probe microscopy. Skin and eyes have the highest risk of exposure to nanomaterials, because deposition of nanomaterials to the surficial organs has the potential to be a major route of exposure during the manufacturing, use, and disposal of nanomaterials. Two products composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and two products composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were tested regarding acute dermal and acute eye irritation using rabbits, and skin sensitization using guinea pigs.

Fullerene c60: inhalation hazard assessment and derivation of a period-limited acceptable exposure level.

Fullerene C(60) has great potential for use in many industry and medical nanotechnology applications. Although the use of nanomaterials has been increasing in the recent years, limited information about its potential hazardous effects is available. Therefore, safety of nanomaterials is a world concern.

Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of single-wall carbon nanotubes by using a battery of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays.

The genotoxic potential of a high purity sample of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was evaluated using a battery of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays. These comprised a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test), an in vitro chromosomal aberration test, and an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. The SWCNTs exerted no genotoxicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA1535, or in Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA/pKM101, whether in the absence or presence of metabolic activation and at concentrations of 12.

Pulmonary toxicity of well-dispersed multi-wall carbon nanotubes following inhalation and intratracheal instillation.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), dispersed in suspensions consisting mainly of individual tubes, were used for intratracheal instillation and inhalation studies. Rats intratracheally received a dose of 0.2 mg, or 1 mg of MWCNTs and were sacrificed from 3 days to 6 months.

Pathological features of rat lung following inhalation and intratracheal instillation of C(60) fullerene.

We evaluated the pulmonary pathological features of rats that received a single intratracheal instillation and a 4-week inhalation of a fullerene. We used fullerene C(60) (nanom purple; Frontier Carbon Co. Ltd, Japan) in this study.

Hazard assessments of manufactured nanomaterials.

Background: It has been difficult to make reliable hazard assessments of manufactured nanomaterials, because the nanomaterials form large agglomerations in both in vitro and in vivo studies.

Objective: In the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) Project of Japan, the physicochemical properties of many manufactured nanomaterials are being measured, and in vitro and in vivo studies are being performed to determine which endpoints are correspond to the hazards and risks of nanomaterials. Focusing on titanium dioxide, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, we introduce findings made in inhalation and intratracheal installation studies overseas, and together with the findings made in the NEDO project, and also assess the hazards presented by manufactured nanomaterials.

Clearance kinetics of fullerene C₆₀ nanoparticles from rat lungs after intratracheal C₆₀ instillation and inhalation C₆₀ exposure.

Fullerene (carbon sixty [C(60)]) has potential industrial and medical applications. In the future, people working in or residing near manufacturing facilities may be exposed to C(60). Therefore, quantitative data on long-term C(60) clearance from the lungs are required.