One-Step Pharmaceutical Preparation of PEG-Modified Exosomes Encapsulating Anti-Cancer Drugs by a High-Pressure Homogenization Technique.

The use of exosomes encapsulating therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases is of increasing interest. However, some concerns such as limited efficiency and scalability of conventional drug encapsulation methods to exosomes have still remained; thus, a new approach that enables encapsulation of therapeutic agents with superior efficiency and scalability is required. Herein, we used RAW264 macrophage cell-derived exosomes (RAW-Exos) and demonstrated that high-pressure homogenization (HPH) using a microfluidizer decreased their particle size without changing their morphology, the amount of exosomal marker proteins, and cellular uptake efficiency into RAW264 and colon-26 cancer cells.

Bacillus subtilis GntR regulation modified to devise artificial transient induction systems.

We modified GntR regulation in Bacillus subtilis to devise transient induction systems. GntR is the repressor antagonized by gluconate to induce transcription of the gntRKPZ operon for gluconate catabolism. On the other hand, the gnt operon is repressed by glucose via carbon catabolite repression involving CcpA/P-ser-HPr, which binds to two cre sites: one located in the gnt promoter region and the other within the gntR coding region.

Bacillus subtilis 5'-nucleotidases with various functions and substrate specificities.

Background: In Escherichia coli, nagD, yrfG, yjjG, yieH, yigL, surE, and yfbR encode 5'-nucleotidases that hydrolyze the phosphate group of 5'-nucleotides. In Bacillus subtilis, genes encoding 5'-nucleotidase have remained to be identified.

Results: We found that B.