Efficacy and Safety of Medication for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents with Common Comorbidities: A Systematic Review.

Introduction: Comorbid psychiatric conditions in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occur frequently, complicate management, and are associated with substantial burden on patients and caregivers. Very few systematic reviews have assessed the efficacy and safety of medications for ADHD in children and adolescents with comorbidities. Of those that were conducted, most focused on a particular comorbidity or medication.

Quality control of photosystem II: Thylakoid unstacking is necessary to avoid further damage to the D1 protein and to facilitate D1 degradation under light stress in spinach thylakoids.

Photosystem II is vulnerable to light damage. The reaction center-binding D1 protein is impaired during excessive illumination and is degraded and removed from photosystem II. Using isolated spinach thylakoids, we investigated the relationship between light-induced unstacking of thylakoids and damage to the D1 protein.

Quality control of Photosystem II: cleavage and aggregation of heat-damaged D1 protein in spinach thylakoids.

Moderate heat stress (40 degrees C, 30 min) on spinach thylakoids induced cleavage of the D1 protein, producing an N-terminal 23-kDa fragment, a C-terminal 9-kDa fragment, and aggregation of the D1 protein. A homologue of Arabidopsis FtsH2 protease, which is responsible for degradation of the damaged D1 protein, was abundant in the stroma thylakoids. Two processes occurred in the thylakoids in response to heat stress: dephosphorylation of the D1 protein in the stroma thylakoids, and aggregation of the phosphorylated D1 protein in the grana.