Dried Urine Spot Analysis for assessing cardiovascular drugs exposure applicable in spaceflight conditions.

Cardiovascular pharmacological countermeasures will be required as a preventive measure of cardiovascular deconditioning and early vascular ageing for long term space travelers. Physiological changes during spaceflight could have severe implications on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD). However, limitations exist for the implementation of drug studies due to the requirements and constraints of this extreme environment.

International Guidelines for Hypertension: Resemblance, Divergence and Inconsistencies.

High blood pressure is the number one killer in the world. About 1.5 billion people suffered from hypertension in 2010, and these numbers are increasing year by year.