Assessment of the Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis Risk in Metabolic Syndrome and Its Individual Components, Considering the Varying Definitions Used in Clinical Practice throughout Time: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.

Multiple modifications of metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria have been made-NCEP: ATP III (from 2001, modified in 2004), IDF (2005), IDF Consortium (2009), or Polish Scientific Society Consortium standards (2022) are now frequently in use. Hepatosteatosis and hepatofibrosis are commonly mentioned aspects of metabolic syndrome that greatly increase the likelihood of developing complications. The objective of the study was to assess different diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome based on the prevalence of liver steatosis and fibrosis.

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and the role of hormones in its aetiopathogenesis.

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a newly coined term that links the presence of liver steatosis (characterised by the accumulation of lipids in at least 5% of liver cells) with a condition of overall systemic metabolic dysfunction. MAFLD impacts 24-36% of the global population. As per the official guidelines, a diagnosis of MAFLD can be made when hepatosteatosis is accompanied by type 2 diabetes mellitus, overweight, obesity, or at least 2 other specific metabolic abnormalities (increased waist circumference, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, prediabetes, elevated C-reactive protein level, or increased homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance: HOMA-IR).

Iron and ferritin deficiency in women with hypothyroidism and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis - systematic review.

Iron is one of the essential microelements necessary for maintaining the body's homeostasis. It serves various roles, including being a crucial component in the proper structure of many enzymes and supporting the transport of oxygen and electrons. Its deficiency can lead to anaemia, which is a common clinical condition often associated with thyroid diseases.

ChatGPT-3.5 passes Poland's medical final examination-Is it possible for ChatGPT to become a doctor in Poland?

Objectives: ChatGPT is an advanced chatbot based on Large Language Model that has the ability to answer questions. Undoubtedly, ChatGPT is capable of transforming communication, education, and customer support; however, can it play the role of a doctor? In Poland, prior to obtaining a medical diploma, candidates must successfully pass the Medical Final Examination.

Methods: The purpose of this research was to determine how well ChatGPT performed on the Polish Medical Final Examination, which passing is required to become a doctor in Poland (an exam is considered passed if at least 56% of the tasks are answered correctly).

Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference as Predictors of Above-Average Increased Cardiovascular Risk Assessed by the SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP Calculators and the Proposition of New Optimal Cut-Off Values: Cross-Sectional Single-Center Study.

Obesity has been perceived as one of the important cardiovascular risk factors, but SCORE2 calculators used in clinical practice do not include the most popular parameters assessed for body composition: body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). The objective of this research was to determine which of the aforementioned variables is a more reliable predictor of an above-average increased cardiovascular risk for gender and age (ICVR). Data from 2061 patients were analyzed; the 10-year risk of cardiovascular events was assessed by SCORE2 tables, and the correlations with BMI and WC were analyzed.

Performance Evaluation of a Novel Non-Invasive Test for the Detection of Advanced Liver Fibrosis in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) may progress to advanced liver fibrosis (ALF). We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of a novel Liver Fibrosis Risk Index (LFRI) in MAFLD subjects using transient elastography (TE) as the reference method for liver fibrosis measurement and then the diagnostic performance of a new two-step non-invasive algorithm for the detection of ALF risk in MAFLD, using Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) followed by LFRI and comparing it to the reference algorithm based on FIB-4 and TE. We conducted a prospective study on 104 MAFLD European adult subjects.

Prevalence and Crucial Parameters in Diabesity-Related Liver Fibrosis: A Preliminary Study.

Diabetes and obesity have been recognized as confirmed risk factors for the occurrence of liver fibrosis. Despite the long-standing acknowledgment of "diabesity", the simultaneous existence of diabetes and obesity, scholarly literature has shown limited attention to this topic. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the prevalence of liver fibrosis among individuals with diabetes (specifically those who are obese) in order to identify the key factors associated with hepatofibrosis and determine the most important associations and differences between patients with and without liver fibrosis.

The Level of Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in Poland Depending on the Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), increasingly diagnosed among the Polish population, is a combination of factors that are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery has been suggested as, simply, a non-invasive and reproducible marker of the early stages of the atherosclerotic process. The carotid IMT can also be a strong predictor of future cerebral and cardiovascular events.

Assessment of Metabolic Parameters in Female Triathletes with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis in Poland.

: Hypothyroidism is a complex disorder characterized by an increase in body weight. About 15-30% of hypothyroid patients are reported to be overweight. The triathlon is an endurance combination sport that comprises a sequential swim, cycle, and run.

The role of vitamin D in women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Introduction: Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), including Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), are the most common organ specific autoimmune disorders. Vitamin D (vit-D) is a steroid molecule, mainly produced in the skin, which regulates the expression of many genes. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is found in most tissues and cells in the body.

Basics of prevention and management of iodine-based contrast media-induced thyroid dysfunction - position paper by the Polish Society of Endocrinology.

Medical practice involves a high number of radiological examinations using iodinated contrast media (ICM). Therefore, it is crucial for doctors of different specialties to be aware of possible adverse effects associated with ICM use. The most common and well characterized adverse effect is contrast-induced nephropathy, whereas thyroidal adverse reactions remain a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma.

PCSK9 Inhibition During the Inflammatory Stage of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Background: The intensity of inflammation during COVID-19 is related to adverse outcomes. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is involved in low-density lipoprotein receptor homeostasis, with potential influence on vascular inflammation and on COVID-19 inflammatory response.

Objectives: The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of PCSK9 inhibition vs placebo on clinical and laboratory outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19.

Hyperprolactinemia and insulin resistance.

Hyperprolactinaemia is the most common dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and occurs more commonly in women. The prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia ranges from 0.4% in the general adult population to as high as 9-17% in women with reproductive diseases.

Is Restless Legs Syndrome De Facto Thyroid Disease?

While a primary role in the pathogenesis of restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been attributed to dysfunction of the dopaminergic system and impaired iron metabolism (particularly in the central nervous system), it has been hypothesized that an imbalance between thyroid hormones and dopaminergic activity may be the starting point for all aspects of RLS. Although this hypothesis was proposed more than a decade ago, it has not yet been verified beyond doubt. The main aim of this study is to compare the prevalence of RLS in a population of patients with the most common thyroid gland diseases with a population of individuals with a healthy thyroid gland.

Colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasms - update of the diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours) [Nowotwory neuroendokrynne jelita grubego - uaktualnione zasady diagnostyki i leczenia (rekomendowane przez Polską Sieć Guzów Neuroendokrynych)].

Colorectal neuroendocrine neoplasm (CRNEN), especially rectal tumours, are diagnosed with increased frequency due to the widespread use of colonoscopy, including screening examinations. It is important to constantly update and promote the principles of optimal diagnostics and treatment of these neoplasms. Based on the latest literature and arrangements made at the working meeting of the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours (June 2021), this paper includes updated and supplemented data and guidelines for the management of CRNEN originally published in Endokrynologia Polska 2017; 68: 250-260.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the small intestine and the appendix - update of the diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours) [Nowotwory neuroendokrynne jelita cienkiego i wyrostka robaczkowego - uaktualnione zasady diagnostyki i leczenia (rekomendowane przez Polską Sieć Guzów Neuroendokrynnych)].

Updated Polish recommendations for the management of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the small intestine (SINENs) and of the appendix (ANENs) are presented here. The small intestine, and especially the ileum, is one of the most common locations for these neoplasms. Most of them are well-differentiated and slow-growing tumours; uncommonly - neuroendocrine carcinomas.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms - update of the diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours) [Nowotwory neuroendokrynne trzustki - uaktualnione zasady diagnostyki i leczenia (rekomendowane przez Polską Sieć Guzów Neuroendokrynych)].

In this paper, we present the current guidelines for the diagnostics and management of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) developed by Polish experts providing care for these patients in everyday clinical practice. In oncological diagnostics, in addition to biochemical tests, molecular identification with the use of NETest liquid biopsy and circulating microRNAs is gaining importance. Both anatomical and functional examinations (including new radiopharmaceuticals) are used in imaging diagnostics.

Gastroduodenal neuroendocrine neoplasms including gastrinoma - update of the diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours) [Nowotwory neuroendokrynne żołądka i dwunastnicy z uwzględnieniem gastrinoma - uaktualnione zasady postępowania (rekomendowane przez Polską Sieć Guzów Neuroendokrynnych)].

After another meeting of experts of the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours, updated recommendations for the management of patients with gastric and duodenal neuroendocrine neoplasms, including gastrinoma, have been issued. As before, the epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of these neoplasms have been discussed, as well as the principles of diagnostic procedures, including biochemical and histopathological diagnostics and tumour localisation, highlighting the changes introduced in the recommendations. Updated principles of therapeutic management have also been presented, including endoscopic and surgical treatment, and the options of pharmacological and radioisotope treatment.

Update of the diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (recommended by the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours) [Aktualizacja zaleceń ogólnych dotyczących postępowania diagnostyczno-terapeutycznego w nowotworach neuroendokrynnych układu pokarmowego (rekomendowane przez Polską Sieć Guzów Neuroendokrynnych)].

Continuous progress in the diagnostics and treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), the emerging results of new clinical trials, and the new guidelines issued by medical societies have prompted experts from the Polish Network of Neuroendocrine Tumours to update the 2017 recommendations regarding the management of neuroendocrine neoplasms. This article presents the general recommendations for the management of NENs, resulting from the findings of the experts participating in the Fourth Round Table Conference, entitled "Polish Guidelines for the Diagnostics and Treatment of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, Żelechów, June 2021". Drawing from the extensive experience of centres treating these cancers, we hope that we have managed to formulate the optimal method of treating patients with NENs, applying the latest reports and achievements in the field of medicine, which can be effectively implemented in our country.

Aberrations in carbohydrate metabolism in patients with diagnosed acromegaly - observational study.

Introduction: Acromegaly is characterized by excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH). The incidence rate of acromegaly is 40 to 70 persons per one million people. Carbohydrate disorders often accompany the above pathology.

Consequences of diabetes and pre-diabetes and the role of biochemical parameters of carbohydrate metabolism for the functioning of the prefrontal cortex in obese patients.

Background: The role of executive functions (EF) is to maintain particular behaviours in order to achieve intended goals. EF are crucial in management of pre-diabetes, diabetes and obesity which are grievous diseases and can lead to severe complications. The aims of our study were to: assess EF in group of obese subject with carbohydrate disorders, evaluate whether biochemical factors and comorbidities related to metabolic disorders have adverse effect on EF in this group of patients.

Metabolic syndrome in women - correlation between BMI and waist circumference.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which includes abdominal obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridaemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated fasting plasma glucose, is now well understood. The prevalence of MetS is increasing all over the world. Central obesity is the main and the most common component of MetS.

Affective Temperament and Glycemic Control - The Psychological Aspect of Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus.

Purpose: Affective temperament shows innate predisposition to affective disorders and has been studied in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Studies describing connections between depressive disorders, obesity and T2DM, show a bidirectional way in which these disorders affect each other. Given that obesity, depression, and T2DM are still growing health problems of our times, the improvement of therapeutic strategies is required.

Is additive manufacturing a magic bullet to resupply lacking PPE? Producing respirators and face shields during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused an increase in the demand for personal protective equipment (PPE) and disruptions in production chains, resulting in an acute shortage of PPE. A possible solution to this problem was additive manufacturing (AM) technology - allowing for a quick start of the production of PPE and potentially able to meet the demand until the production is restored. In addition, AM allows for the production of PPE prototypes with potentially greater comfort of use or degree of protection.