Ultrastructure and Transcriptome Analysis of the Larval Integument in Solitary and Gregarious Phases of .

larvae exhibit both solitary and gregarious phases under low and high population density, respectively; furthermore, differences in morphology, behavior and physiology have been observed in the two phases. The integument plays an essential role in the fitness, general metabolism, communication, and survival of insects; however, differences in the integument ultrastructure and gene expression in the solitary and gregarious phases are largely unknown. In this study, the integument ultrastructure of larvae in the solitary and gregarious phases was compared, and transcriptome analysis was conducted to identify which genes were differentially expressed in the two phases.

The Multifaceted Ubiquitination of BIK1 During Plant Immunity in .

As sessile organisms, the plant immune system plays a vital role in protecting plants from the widespread pathogens in the environment. The (Arabidopsis) receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1) acts as a central regulator during plant immunity. As such, not only the BIK1 protein accumulation but also the attenuation is tightly regulated to ensure effective immune responses.

Transcriptomic analysis of Mythimna separata ovaries and identification of genes involved in reproduction.

The migratory insect Mythimna separata is a major pest of grain crops in Asia. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms that control and regulate reproduction in this species remain unclear. In this study, transcriptome sequencing was utilized to identify genes associated with ovary development and oogenesis.

Seed Treatment with Diamide and Neonicotinoid Mixtures for Controlling Fall Armyworm on Corn: Toxicity Evaluation, Effects on Plant Growth and Residuality.

The diamides, chlorantraniliprole (CHL) and cyantraniliprole (CYA), have been used as seed treatment agents against the fall armyworm (FAW), in China. However, large-scale application of these two insecticides is prohibited because of their high cost. The neonicotinoid insecticides, clothianidin (CLO) and thiamethoxam (THI), are cheaper and widely used.

High infiltration of CD20 B lymphocytes in extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma is associated with better prognosis.

Immune cells have an uncertain function during the progression of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL). The present study determined the distribution, phenotype, and clinical significance of B lymphocytes in ENKTL. Immunohistochemistry indicated high infiltration of CD20 B lymphocytes in the tumour tissues of 40% of the patients, and that a high infiltration correlated with better overall survival.

Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with a Presynthesized Metal-Organic Framework Enables a Highly Stable Electrochemical Sensing.

This paper reports the covalent functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) by a presynthesized metal-organic framework NH-MIL-101(Fe) via ultrasonication of the two components. The formation of Fe-O covalent bonding in the NH-MIL-101(Fe)-GO nanohybrid is clearly evidenced, and the covalent bonding still remains after electrochemical reduction. The morphology and structure of the nanohybrid are characterized via scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy.

Cluster-to-cluster transformation among Au, Au and Au nanoclusters.

We present the cluster-to-cluster transformations among three gold nanoclusters, [Au6(dppp)4]2+ (Au6), [Au8(dppp)4Cl2]2+ (Au8) and [Au11(dppp)5]3+ (Au11). The conversion process follows a rule that states that the transformation of a small cluster to a large cluster is achieved through an oxidation process with an oxidizing agent (H2O2) or with heating, while the conversion of a large cluster to a small one occurs through a reduction process with a reducing agent (NaBH4). All the reactions were monitored using UV-Vis spectroscopy and ESI-MS.

Dynamic Permutational Isomerism in a closo-Cluster.

Permutational isomers of trigonal bipyramidal [W2RhIr2(CO)9(η(5)-C5H5)2(η(5)-C5HMe4)] result from competitive capping of either a W2Ir or a WIr2 face of the tetrahedral cluster [W2Ir2(CO)10(η(5)-C5 H5)2] from its reaction with [Rh(CO)2(η(5)-C5HMe4)]. The permutational isomers slowly interconvert in solution by a cluster metal vertex exchange that is proposed to proceed by Rh-Ir and Rh-W bond cleavage and reformation, and via the intermediacy of an edge-bridged tetrahedral transition state. The permutational isomers display differing chemical and physical properties: replacement of CO by PPh3 occurs at one permutational isomer only, while the isomers display distinct optical power limiting behavior.

Phosphine, isocyanide, and alkyne reactivity at pentanuclear molybdenum/tungsten-iridium clusters.

The trigonal bipyramidal clusters M2Ir3(μ-CO)3(CO)6(η(5)-C5H5)2(η(5)-C5Me4R) (M = Mo, R = Me 1a, R = H; M = W, R = Me, H) reacted with isocyanides to give ligand substitution products M2Ir3(μ-CO)3(CO)5(CNR′)(η(5)-C5H5)2(η(5)-C5Me4R) (M = Mo, R = Me, R′ = C6H3Me2-2,6 3a; M = Mo, R = Me, R′ = (t)Bu 3b), in which core geometry and metal atom locations are maintained, whereas reactions with PPh3 afforded M2Ir3(μ-CO)4(CO)4(PPh3)(η(5)-C5H5)2(η(5)-C5Me4R) (M = Mo, R = Me 4a, H 4c; M = W, R = Me 4b, H), with retention of core geometry but with effective site-exchange of the precursors’ apical Mo/W with an equatorial Ir. Similar treatment of trigonal bipyramidal MIr4(μ-CO)3(CO)7(η(5)-C5H5)(η(5)-C5Me5) (M = Mo 2a, W 2b) with PPh3 afforded the mono-substitution products MIr4(μ-CO)3(CO)6(PPh3)(η(5)-C5H5)(η(5)-C5Me5) (M = Mo 5a; M = W 5b), and further reaction of the molybdenum example 5a with excess PPh3 afforded the bis-substituted cluster MoIr4(μ3-CO)2(μ-CO)2(CO)4(PPh3)2(η(5)-C5H5)(η(5)-C5Me5) (6). Reaction of 1a with diphenylacetylene proceeded with alkyne coordination and C≡C cleavage, affording Mo2Ir3(μ4–η(2)-PhC2Ph)(μ3-CPh)2(CO)4(η(5)-C5H5)2(η(5)-C5Me5) (7a) together with an isomer.

Syntheses of pentanuclear group 6 iridium clusters by core expansion of tetranuclear clusters with Ir(CO)2(η5-C5Me4R) (R = H, Me).

Metal cluster core expansion at tetrahedral group 6-group 9 mixed-metal clusters MIr3(μ-CO)3(CO)8(η(5)-L) (M = W, Mo, L = C5H5; M = Mo, L = C5Me5) with the iridium capping reagents Ir(CO)2(η(5)-L') (L' = C5Me5, C5Me4H) in refluxing toluene afforded the trigonal-bipyramidal clusters MIr4(μ-CO)3(CO)7(η(5)-C5H5)(η(5)-L') (M = Mo, L' = C5Me5, 1a; M = W, L' = C5Me5, 1b; M = Mo, L' = C5Me4H, 1c; M = W, L' = C5Me4H, 1d) and MoIr4(μ3-H)(μ-CO)2(μ-η(1):η(5)-CH2C5Me4)(CO)7(η(5)-C5Me5) (2). Related reactions with M2Ir2(μ-CO)3(CO)7(η(5)-L)2 (M = W, Mo, L = C5H5; M = Mo, L = C5Me5) afforded M2Ir3(μ-CO)3(CO)6(η(5)-C5H5)2(η(5)-L') (M = Mo, L' = C5Me5, 3a; M = W, L' = C5Me5, 3b; M = Mo, L' = C5Me4H, 3c; M = W, L' = C5Me4H, 3d), W2Ir3(μ-CO)4(CO)5(η(5)-C5H5)2(η(5)-C5Me4H) (4), and Mo2Ir3(μ-CO)3(CO)6(η(5)-C5Me5)3 (5). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of 1a-1d, 2, 3a-3d, and 4 confirmed their molecular structures, including the μ-η(1):η(5)-CH2C5Me4 ligand at hydrido cluster 2, derived from a C-H bond activation of one of the methyl groups.

Reversible single crystal to single crystal transformation with anion exchange-induced weak Cu2+···I⁻ interactions and modification of the structures and properties of MOFs.

{[Cu(6)(TTTMB)(8)(OH)(4)(H(2)O)(6)]·8(NO(3))·34.5H(2)O}(n) can reversibly transform to {[Cu(6)(TTTMB)(8)I(3)]·9I·26H(2)O}(n) upon a single crystal to single crystal process. The transformation is accompanied by the formation of weak Cu(2+)I(-) interactions and changes in the coordination numbers, as well as modulation in their properties.