Risk of depression and anxiety disorders according to long-term glycemic variability.

Background: Poor glycemic control has been linked to psychiatric symptoms. However, studies investigating the relationship between glycemic variability (GV) and depression and anxiety disorders are limited. We investigated the association of GV with depression and anxiety disorders.

Weight loss and risk of dementia in individuals with versus without obesity.

Introduction: Using nationwide cohort data, we aimed to elucidate whether baseline obesity altered the relationship between loss in body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) and risk of dementia.

Methods: Among 9689 participants whose BMIs and WCs were repeatedly measured over 1 year, 1:1 propensity score matching was conducted between participants with and without obesity (n = 2976 per group, mean age 70.9).

Restless leg syndrome and risk of all-cause dementia: a nationwide retrospective cohort study.

Background: Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is associated with poor sleep quality, depression or anxiety, poor dietary patterns, microvasculopathy, and hypoxia, all of which are known risk factors for dementia. However, the relationship between RLS and incident dementia remains unclear. This retrospective cohort study aimed to explore the possibility that RLS could be deemed as a non-cognitive prodromal feature of dementia.

Pioglitazone Use and Reduced Risk of Dementia in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus With a History of Ischemic Stroke.

Background And Objectives: Previous studies have reported the protective effect of pioglitazone on dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Recent studies have shown that pioglitazone also lowers the risk of primary and recurrent stroke. Understanding the characteristics of patients particularly associated with the benefits of pioglitazone would facilitate its personalized use by specifying subpopulations during routine clinical care.

Virtual reality-based monitoring test for MCI: A multicenter feasibility study.

Objectives: As the significance of the early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has emerged, it is necessary to develop corresponding screening tools with high ecological validity and feasible biomarkers. Virtual reality (VR)-based cognitive assessment program, which is close to the daily life of the older adults, can be suitable screening tools for MCI with ecological validity and accessibility. Meanwhile, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been observed at a low concentration in the older adults with dementia or cognitive decline, indicating its potential as a biomarker of MCI.

Association of cognitive enhancers and incident seizure risk in dementia: a population-based study.

Background: Although individuals with dementia have a high risk of developing seizures, whether seizures are associated with cholinesterase inhibitors, which are commonly prescribed to treat individuals with dementia, remains unknown. This study investigated the risk of incident seizure following cholinesterase inhibitor use in patients with dementia.

Methods: A nationwide, nested case-control study was conducted using data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) from 2014 through 2018.

Relationship Between Adipokines, Cognition, and Brain Structures in Old Age Depending on Obesity.

Background: Adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin are associated with cognitive function. Although adiposity crucially affects adipokine levels, it remains unclear whether the relationship between adipokines and cognition is influenced by obesity.

Methods: We enrolled 171 participants and divided them into participants with obesity and without obesity to explore the effect of obesity on the relationship between adipokines and cognition.

Association of metformin use with Alzheimer's disease in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a population-based nested case-control study.

Metformin reduces insulin resistance, which constitutes a pathophysiological connection of diabetes with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the evidence of metformin on AD development was still insufficient and conflicting. We investigated AD risk in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 DM treated with metformin. This retrospective, observational, nested case-control study included patients with newly diagnosed type 2 DM obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Service DM cohort (2002-2017).

Loss of association between plasma irisin levels and cognition in Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Irisin, an exercise-induced myokine, has been shown to have beneficial effects on cognitive and metabolic functions. However, previous studies assessing the levels of circulating irisin in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or diabetes mellitus (DM) have provided inconsistent results. This suggests that the normal physiological action of irisin may be altered by disease-associated pathological conditions in target organs.

Pioglitazone use associated with reduced risk of the first attack of ischemic stroke in patients with newly onset type 2 diabetes: a nationwide nested case-control study.

Background: Pioglitazone use is known to be associated with a reduced risk of recurrent stroke in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) who have a history of stroke. However, it is unclear whether this benefit extends to patients without a history of stroke. We aimed to evaluate the association between pioglitazone use and development of first attack of ischemic stroke in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 DM.

Association between Job-Related Factors and Work-Related Anxiety, and Moderating Effect of Decision-Making Authority in Korean Wageworkers: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Among the factors causing workers' anxiety, job-related factors are important since they can be managed. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the association between work-related anxiety and job-related factors among Korean wageworkers using data from the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey. Participants were 13,600 Korean wageworkers aged <65 years.

Plasma Clusterin as a Potential Link Between Diabetes and Alzheimer Disease.

Objective: Plasma clusterin, a promising biomarker of Alzheimer disease (AD), has been associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). However, clusterin has not been investigated considering a relationship with both DM and AD. In this study, we aimed to investigate the individual and interactive relationships of plasma clusterin levels with both diseases.

Exposure of ultrafine particulate matter causes glutathione redox imbalance in the hippocampus: A neurometabolic susceptibility to Alzheimer's pathology.

Particulate matter (PM) exposure is related to an increased risk of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), the pathogenesis of which is explained by chronic neurometabolic disturbance. Therefore, PM-induced alterations in neurometabolism might herald AD. We aimed to identify brain region-specific changes in metabolic pathways associated with ultrafine particle (UFP) exposure and to determine whether such metabolic alterations are linked to susceptibility to AD.

Predictor of depressive disorders in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis.

We investigated the frequency of depressive disorders and determined the predictors of depressive disorders in Korean patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Sixty-one patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) were enrolled in this study. We assessed the Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS), vasculitis damage index (VDI) and the Korean version of the short form 36-item Health Survey (SF-36).

Predicting Behavior Problems in Korean Preschoolers: Interactions of the Gene and Maternal Negative Affectivity.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether maternal negative affectivity (MNA) moderates the effect of genetic polymorphism of on behavior problems in children.

Methods: Study participants comprised 143 preschoolers and their mothers from South Korea. The Childhood Behavior Checklist and Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability adult scale were used to measure child behavior and maternal affectivity.

Particulate matter increases beta-amyloid and activated glial cells in hippocampal tissues of transgenic Alzheimer's mouse: Involvement of PARP-1.

Exposure to air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM), has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, direct effects of PM on production of β-amyloid (Aβ), a key pathogenic molecule in AD, and its underlying mechanism are still elusive. Given PM's potential to induce oxidative stress in other tissues, we hypothesized that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) might be involved in PM-induced neurotoxicity.