Seizure recurrence proportion under antiseizure medication in people living with epilepsy and prolonged seizure remission: A systematic review.

Background And Purpose: People living with epilepsy (PLWE) may wish to discontinue antiseizure medications (ASMs) after long-term remission. However, fear of relapse may lead to continued ASM use. Previous studies have focused on seizure relapse in PLWE who discontinued ASMs after long-term seizure remission (PLWE off ASM), with limited data on those who continued ASMs (PLWE on ASM).

Mediation Effect of Social Distancing on Neonatal Vitamin D Status and Related Clinical Outcomes during the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic.

Background: We analyzed the impact of social distancing (SD) on vitamin D status and associated morbidity in neonates during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods: Serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) and clinical characteristics of newborn infants before (2019) and during SD (2021) were compared.

Results: A total of 526 neonates (263 in 2019 and 263 in 2021) were included.

Effectiveness of online responsive teaching in young children with developmental disabilities: a pilot study.

Background: Responsive teaching (RT) interventions, which enhance developmental outcomes by improving children's engagement behaviors, are traditionally delivered in person. However, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic complicated this approach.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and acceptance of online RT in children with developmental disabilities and their parents.

Identification of Autoantigens in Pediatric Gastric Juices.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the presence of autoantigens in the gastric juices of children.

Methods: Gastric juice and serum samples were obtained from 53 children <15 years of age who underwent gastric endoscopy. Among these, 8, 22, and 23 participants were in the age groups 0-5, 6-10, and 11-15 years, respectively.

Felt stigma proportion in people living with epilepsy: A systematic review.

Purpose: Numerous inventories to identify felt stigma (FS) in people living with epilepsy (PLWE) have been developed. Past studies have mainly focused on the relationship between FS scores and clinical factors, making it challenging to delineate FS proportions and compare FS between groups. We aimed to integrate FS proportions in PLWE and compare them by continent.

The Optimal Time for Initiating Probiotics for Preterm and Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants: A 10-Year Experience in a Single Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Purpose: The starting time for probiotic supplementation in preterm infants after birth varies widely. This study aimed to investigate the optimal time for initiating probiotics to reduce adverse outcomes in preterm or very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.

Methods: Medical records of preterm infants born at a gestational age (GA) of <32 weeks or VLBW infants in 2011-2020 were reviewed respectively.

Parenting stress and interactive engagement behaviors in children with developmental delay.

Background: In clinical practice, the importance of interactive engagement behaviors is overlooked in children with developmental problems other than autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Parenting stress affects children's development but lacks attention from clinicians.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the characteristics of interactive engagement behaviors and parenting stress among non-ASD children with developmental delays (DDs).

Focality in Febrile Seizures: A Retrospective Assessment Using Arterial Spin Labeling MRI.

Purpose: Defining focality of febrile seizures (FS) in clinical practice remains controversial. We investigated focality issues in FS with a postictal arterial spin labeling (ASL) sequence.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 77 children (median: 19.

Pediatric syncope: pearls and pitfalls in history taking.

Syncope is a heterogeneous syndrome with complex underlying mechanisms, hence, the spectrum of patients presenting with syncope is broad. The diagnosis of syncope begins with history taking, and an accurate diagnosis can be established through correct history taking and interpretation. Building and interpreting patient history are the main factors that cause a diagnostic yield gap between experts and nonexperts.

Gender differences in risk factors and psychosocial functioning in children with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.

Objective: Female predominance is evident in childhood-onset psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). Understanding gender-specific vulnerability to PNES may provide a unique insight into its cause and management. We aimed to investigate gender differences in demographic characteristics, triggering factors and psychosocial functioning in children and youth with PNES.

Difference in macrophage migration inhibitory factor between preterm and term newborns and associating clinical factors: Preliminary study.

This study aimed to investigate the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and associated clinical factors in neonates. Clinical information and blood samples were obtained from 77 neonates. Clinical details were reviewed from medical records, and MIF was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using blood samples acquired within a week after birth.

Reflex and Spontaneous Movements in Pediatric Patients with Brain Death.

Background: Reflex and spontaneous movements are not uncommon in brain death patients. However, most studies have been conducted in adults, while reports in infants and children are rare. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the frequency and characteristics of these movements in pediatric patients declared as brain death.

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Neonatal Rotavirus-Associated Leukoencephalopathy.

Rotavirus infection has been reported to be associated with neonatal seizures with a diffuse and symmetrical diffusion restriction of periventricular white matter, namely, neonatal rotavirus-associated leukoencephalopathy. The extensive white matter injury seen in this cohort raises concerns about the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. In the present study, we prospectively assessed the neurodevelopmental outcomes of 13 patients with neonatal rotavirus-associated leukoencephalopathy at a median age of 26 months (range, 23-68 months).

Development of the Parental Questionnaire for Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children Younger than 72 Months.

Background And Purpose: Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is an underdiagnosed condition in children, and its assessment tools have focused on older children. We aimed to develop a parental questionnaire for cerebral visual impairment (PQCVI) for screening CVI in young children.

Methods: The PQCVI comprised 23 questions based on a modified version of Houliston and Dutton's questionnaire for older children.

Myths and truths about pediatric psychogenic nonepileptic seizures.

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) is a neuropsychiatric condition that causes a transient alteration of consciousness and loss of self-control. PNES, which occur in vulnerable individuals who often have experienced trauma and are precipitated by overwhelming circumstances, are a body's expression of a distressed mind, a cry for help. PNES are misunderstood, mistreated, under-recognized, and underdiagnosed.

Changes in Seroprevalence of Infection over 20 Years in Jinju, Korea, from Newborns to the Elderly.

Background: The objective of this study was to examine changes in the prevalence of cytotoxic-associated gene A (CagA) positive infection in Jinju, Korea, over the last 20 years.

Methods: Three cross-sectional analyses were conducted concurrently. A total of 1,305 serum samples were collected from 1994-1995, 2004-2005, and 2014-2015, respectively.

Reflex and Spontaneous Movements in Adult Patients during the Process of Determining Brain Death in Korea.

Background: Brain death is a clinical diagnosis that implies irreversible loss of function of the entire brain, including the brainstem and both hemispheres. Based on previous reports, it is not rare for reflex and spontaneous movements to occur in patients during the process of determining brain death. However, reports of the frequency and common types of these movements vary from study to study.

Understanding the importance of cerebrovascular involvement in Kawasaki disease.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis in infants and young children. However, its natural history has not been fully elucidated because the first case was reported in the late 1960s and patients who have recovered are just now entering middle age. Nevertheless, much evidence has raised concerns regarding the subclinical vascular changes that occur in post-KD patients.

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1 in Rotavirus-Associated White Matter Injury in Newborns.

Recent reports have suggested an association between rotavirus infection and a distinctive pattern of white matter injury (WMI) in neonates with seizures; however, the connection between the two is not fully understood. To evaluate the underlying mechanism, we profiled and compared eight cytokines (IL [interleukin]-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN- [interferon- ], MCP-1 [monocyte chemoattractant protein-1], MIP-1 [macrophage inflammatory protein-1], and TNF- [tumor necrosis factor-]) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 33 neonates with seizures who had no other well-known causes of seizures and 13 control patients (rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis but without seizures). Among the 33 neonates with seizures, 9 showed WMI and all were infected with rotavirus (R + W + ).

Neonatal seizures and white matter injury: Role of rotavirus infection and probiotics.

Background: Recent reports associate rotavirus infection with neonatal seizures of distinctive white matter injury (WMI) pattern, but evidence is lacking. We examined this association prospectively and analyzed factors related to occurrence of seizures and WMI pattern in neonates with rotavirus infection.

Methods: We prospectively included 228 neonates (≥34 gestational weeks) who were admitted to a regional neonatal intensive care unit between February 2015 and April 2016 and underwent rotavirus antigen testing using stool samples.

A Pilot Study Evaluating Cerebral Vasculitis in Kawasaki's Disease.

Cerebral vasculitis is thought to be a possible underlying mechanism of severe neurological complications of Kawasaki's disease (KD), such as cerebral infarct or aneurysm rupture. To evaluate the intracranial inflammatory response in patients with acute-stage KD, we measured the levels of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6 and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) and pentraxin-3 (PTX3) in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with KD ( = 7) and compared the levels to those of the age- and sex-matched febrile control patients (bacterial meningitis [ = 5], enteroviral meningitis [ = 10], nonspecific viral illness without central nervous system involvement [ = 10]). PTX3 and TNF-α were rarely detected and only in trace concentration in KD, and the levels of IL-6 were not different from those of nonspecific viral illnesses.

Mild encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion in a girl with acute pyelonephritis.

We report the case of a 12-year-old girl who had mild encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) associated with acutepyelonephritis caused by . The patient was admitted with a high fever, and she was diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis based on pyuria and the results of urine culture, which detected cefotaxime-sensitive . Although intravenous cefotaxime and tobramycin were administered, her fever persisted and her C-reactive protein level increased to 307 mg/L.