Agarolytic Pathway in the Newly Isolated Aquimarina sp. Bacterial Strain ERC-38 and Characterization of a Putative β-agarase.

Marine microbes, particularly Bacteroidetes, are a rich source of enzymes that can degrade diverse marine polysaccharides. Aquimarina sp. ERC-38, which belongs to the Bacteroidetes phylum, was isolated from seawater in South Korea.

Priming Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells with a Combination of a Low Dose of IFN-γ and Bortezomib Results in Potent Suppression of Pathogenic Th17 Immunity Through the IDO1-AHR Axis.

Preconditioning of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) with the inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ enhances not only their immunosuppressive activity but also their expression of HLA and proinflammatory genes. We hypothesized that prevention of the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and HLA molecules in IFN-γ-primed MSCs would render these cells more immunosuppressive and less immunogenic. In this study, we discovered the following findings supporting this hypothesis: (1) activated human T cells induced the expression of IDO1 in MSCs via IFN-γ secretion and those MSCs in turn inhibited T-cell proliferation in an AHR-dependent fashion; (2) there was no difference in the expression of IDO1 and HLA-DR in MSCs after priming with a low dose (25 IU/mL) versus a high dose (100 IU/mL) of IFN-γ; (3) the transient addition of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, to culture MSCs after IFN-γ priming decreased the expression of HLA-DR, inflammatory cytokine genes and Vcam1 while increasing the expression of IDO1 and the production of L-kynurenine; finally, MSCs primed with a combination of a low dose of IFN-γ and bortezomib were more effective in inhibiting Th17-mediated idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS) and chronic colitis than unprimed MSCs.

Therapeutic Effect of IL1β Priming Tonsil Derived-Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteoporosis.

Background: Stem cell therapies can be a new therapeutic strategy that may rebalance anabolic and anti-resorptive effects in osteoporosis patients. Tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSCs) can be an alternative therapeutic source for chronic degenerative diseases including osteoporosis. MSCs acquire immune regulatory function under the inflammatory cytokines.

The PoV mycovirus affects extracellular enzyme expression and fruiting body yield in the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus.

Isogenic virus-cured and virus-infected fungal strains were previously obtained and compared to investigate mycoviral diseases and, specifically, the influence of viral infection on the vegetative growth of Pleurotus ostreatus. The present study demonstrated that infection with mycovirus PoV-ASI2792 (PoV) caused phenotypic and physiological changes in fungal cells and mycelia. The microscopically determined growth rate of the virus-infected strain was lower than that of the virus-cured strain, due to the conglomerate phenomenon during the mycelial growth process.

Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of MAPK-Mediated Regulation of Sectorization in Cryphonectria parasitica.

Fungal sectorization is a complex trait that is still not fully understood. The unique phenotypic changes in sporadic sectorization in mutants of CpBck1, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) gene, and CpSlt2, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene, in the cell wall integrity pathway of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica have been previously studied. Although several environmental and physiological factors cause this sectoring phenotype, genetic variants can also impact this complex morphogenesis.

A Novel Rapid Fungal Promoter Analysis System Using the Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase Gene, , in .

To develop a convenient promoter analysis system for fungi, a null-pigment mutant (NPG) of was used with the 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) gene, , which restores the normal pigmentation in , as a new reporter gene. The functional organization of serially deleted promoter regions of the gene and the gene in filamentous fungi was representatively investigated to establish a novel fungal promoter assay system that depends on color complementation of the NPG mutant with the PPTase gene. Several promoter regions of the and genes were fused to the gene containing the 1,034-bp open reading frame and the 966-bp 3' downstream region from the TAA, and the constructed fusions were introduced into the NPG mutant in to evaluate color recovery due to the transcriptional activity of the sequence elements.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of dikaryotic mycelia and mature fruiting bodies in the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes.

Lentinula edodes is a popular cultivated edible mushroom with high nutritional and medicinal value. To understand the regulation of gene expression in the dikaryotic mycelium and mature fruiting body in the commercially important Korean L. edodes strain, we first performed comparative transcriptomic analysis, using Illumina HiSeq platform.

Global DNA Methylation in the Chestnut Blight Fungus and Genome-Wide Changes in DNA Methylation Accompanied with Sectorization.

Mutation in , an ortholog of the cell wall integrity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) of , in the chestnut blight fungus resulted in a sporadic sectorization as culture proceeded. The progeny from the sectored area maintained the characteristics of the sector, showing a massive morphogenetic change, including robust mycelial growth without differentiation. Epigenetic changes were investigated as the genetic mechanism underlying this sectorization.

Mutation of the Slt2 ortholog from Cryphonectria parasitica results in abnormal cell wall integrity and sectorization with impaired pathogenicity.

We assessed the biological function of CpSlt2, an ortholog of the cell wall integrity (CWI) MAPK of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. The CpSlt2-null mutant exhibited marked changes in colonial growth, near absence of conidiation and aerial hyphae, and abnormal pigmentation. In addition, the CpSlt2-null mutant exhibited CWI-related phenotypic defects including hypersensitivity to cell wall-disturbing agents and other stresses.

Viral Effects of a dsRNA Mycovirus (PoV-ASI2792) on the Vegetative Growth of the Edible Mushroom .

A double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycovirus was detected in malformed fruiting bodies of strain ASI2792, one of bottle cultivated commercial strains of the edible oyster mushroom. The partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of the ASI2792 mycovirus (PoV-ASI2792) was cloned, and a cDNA sequences alignment revealed that the sequence was identical to the RdRp gene of a known PoSV found in the strain. To investigate the symptoms of PoV-ASI2792 infection by comparing the isogenic virus-free strains with a virus-infected strain, isogenic virus-cured strains were obtained by the mycelial fragmentation method for virus curing.

Effects of initial moisture content of Korean traditional wheat-based fermentation starter nuruk on microbial abundance and diversity.

The brewing of makgeolli, one of Korea's most popular alcoholic beverages that is gaining popularity globally, is facilitated by nuruk, a traditional Korean cereal starter. The nuruk microbiome greatly influences the fermentation process as well as the nutritional, hygienic, and aromatic qualities of the product. This study is a continuation of our efforts to examine nuruk biodiversity at a depth previously unattainable.

Incidence of diverse dsRNA mycoviruses in Trichoderma spp. causing green mold disease of shiitake Lentinula edodes.

A total of 315 fungal isolates causing green mold disease were collected from contaminated artificial logs and sawdust bags used for cultivating shiitake Lentinula edodes in Korea and were analyzed for the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). dsRNA, which was purified using dsRNA-specific chromatography and verified by dsRNA-specific RNaseIII digestion, was detected in 32 isolates. The molecular taxonomy of dsRNA-infected isolates indicated that all isolates belonged to the Trichoderma spp.

Metagenomic analysis of fungal diversity in Korean traditional wheat-based fermentation starter nuruk.

Nuruk, a traditional natural starter, is extensively used in the brewing of Makgeolli, one of Korea's most popular alcoholic beverages that has been recently gaining global popularity. Thus, the quality of traditional nuruk needs to be enhanced. The nuruk mycobiome greatly influences both fermentation process as well as palatability enhancement.

Crystal structures and color properties of new complex perovskite oxynitrides AMg0.2Ta0.8O2.6N0.4 (A = Sr, Ba).

New complex perovskite oxynitrides AMg0.2Ta0.8O2.

Heterokaryon analysis of a Cdc48-like gene, CpCdc48, from the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica demonstrates it is essential for cell division and growth.

Functional analysis of a cell division cycle 48 (CDC48) ortholog, CpCdc48, from Cryphonectria parasitica was performed via construction of a CpCdc48-null mutant. Genotype analysis revealed that the putative CpCdc48-null mutant was a heterokaryotic transformant containing two different types of nuclei (i.e.

A Mutant of the Bck1 Homolog from Cryphonectria parasitica Resulted in Sectorization with an Impaired Pathogenicity.

CpBck1, an ortholog of the cell-wall integrity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was cloned and characterized from the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. The CpBck1-null mutant displayed cell wall integrity-related phenotypic changes such as abnormal cell morphology and wall formation and hypersensitivity to cell wall-disrupting agents. In addition, the mutant showed severely retarded growth without any sign of normal development, such as hyphal differentiation, conidiation, or pigmentation.

Pyrosequencing reveals bacterial diversity in Korean traditional wheat-based nuruk.

The emerging global importance of Korea's alcoholic beverages emphasizes the need for quality enhancement of nuruk, a traditional Korean cereal starter that is used extensively in traditional brewing. Apart from fungi and yeasts, bacteria known to be ubiquitously present are also a part of the nuruk ecosystem and are known to influence fermentation activity by influencing fermentation favorable factors. In the current study, bacterial diversity and temporal variations in the traditional wheat-based nuruk, fermented at two representative temperature conditions for 30 days, along with two commercial wheat-based nuruk samples for comparison analysis were evaluated using libraries of PCR amplicons and 454 pyrosequencing targeting of the hypervariable regions V1 to V3 of the 16S rRNA gene.

Identification of a Polyketide Synthase Gene in the Synthesis of Phleichrome of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Cladosporium phlei.

Phleichrome, a pigment produced by the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium phlei, is a fungal perylenequinone whose photodynamic activity has been studied intensively. To determine the biological function of phleichrome and to engineer a strain with enhanced production of phleichrome, we identified the gene responsible for the synthesis of phleichrome. Structural comparison of phleichrome with other fungal perylenequinones suggested that phleichrome is synthesized via polyketide pathway.

Chemopreventive Action of Anthocyanin-rich Black Soybean Fraction in APC (Min/+) Intestinal Polyposis Model.

Background: Anthocyanins have been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an anthocyanin-rich extract (AE) from black soybean coat on intestinal carcinogenesis.

Methods: Apc (Min/+) mice were fed a diet of 0.

Changing Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infections in Korean Children with Recurrent Abdominal Pain.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the changing prevalence rate of Helicobacter pylori infection in children, of different age groups, with recurrent abdominal pain over a 10-year period.

Methods: Children with recurrent abdominal pain who visited the pediatric outpatient clinic at university hospital were screened for H. pylori.