Seizure-induced LIN28A disrupts pattern separation via aberrant hippocampal neurogenesis.

Prolonged seizures can disrupt stem cell behavior in the adult hippocampus, an important brain structure for spatial memory. Here, using a mouse model of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), we characterized spatiotemporal expression of Lin28a mRNA and proteins after SE. Unlike Lin28a transcripts, induction of LIN28A protein after SE was detected mainly in the subgranular zone, where immunoreactivity was found in progenitors, neuroblasts, and immature and mature granule neurons.

Spatiotemporal expression of RCAN1 and its isoform in the mouse hippocampus after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus.

Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) can be induced by an intracellular calcium increase and oxidative stress, which are characteristic features of temporal lobe epilepsy. Thus, we investigated the spatiotemporal expression and cellular localization of RCAN1 protein and mRNA in the mouse hippocampus after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). Male C57BL/6 mice were given pilocarpine hydrochloride (280 mg/kg, i.

Connected in cinema: educational effects of filmmaking classes on medical students.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore what the students experienced in short filmmaking class performed to 1st grade premedical students of a medical school, and to trace educational effects of the class.

Methods: Taking a qualitative approach, the authors used semi-structured interviews to collect the data. This study employed the quota sampling method to purposefully select students to interview.

Proangiogenic features of Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and their ability to form functional vessels.

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells derived from human Wharton's jelly (WJ-MSC) have emerged as a favorable source for autologous and allogenic cell therapy. Here, we characterized the proangiogenic features of WJ-MSCs and examined their ability to form functional vessels in in vivo models. First, we examined whether WJ-MSCs express endothelial and smooth muscle cell specific markers after culture in endothelial growth media.

Upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 in the spinal cord of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

We investigated the spatiotemporal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) in the spinal cord of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis. VEGFR-3 mRNA and protein were constitutively expressed in gray matter neurons and in a few white matter astrocytes. Induction of VEGFR-3 occurred predominantly in perivascular infiltrated macrophages in the spinal cord white matter during the inductive phase of EAE.

Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 expression in perivascular cells of the ischemic core following focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-3, a receptor for VEGF-C and VEGF-D, has recently been reported to be induced within vessel-like structures in the ischemic brain. The purpose of the present study was to characterize and define further the cellular phenotypes of vascular-associated cells that manifest induced VEGFR-3 expression in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Vessel-associated cells expressing VEGFR-3 were found to be perivascular astrocytes in the peri-infarct region, whereas in the ischemic core, where astrocytes had virtually disappeared, induction of VEGFR-3 mRNA and protein was still prominent in vascular structures 3-7 days after reperfusion.

Expression of Müllerian inhibiting substance type II receptor and antiproliferative effects of MIS on human cervical cancer.

This study aimed to analyze expression of Müllerian inhibiting substance type II receptor (MISRII) protein and mRNA in cervical neoplasia, to demonstrate the growth inhibition of cervical cancer cells by administration of highly purified recombinant human Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) and, furthermore, to evaluate the clinical significance of MIS as a biological modifier for MIS receptor expressing tumors. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for MISRII mRNA expression, and in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to observe expression, location of MISRII mRNA and protein, respectively. To demonstrate the effect of MIS on the viability of cervical cancer cells, methyl thiazole tetrazolium (MTT) assay was performed.

Expression and cellular localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase in lipopolysaccharide-treated rat kidneys.

Although inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is known to play significant roles in the kidney, its renal localization has long been controversial. To resolve this issue, the authors identified iNOS-positive cell types in rat kidneys using double immunohistochemistry and confirmed iNOS positivity using enzyme histochemistry with NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) and in situ RT-PCR. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline as a control and sacrificed at various time intervals after injection.

Overlapping distribution of osteopontin and calcium in the ischemic core of rat brain after transient focal ischemia.

Osteopontin (OPN), an adhesive glycoprotein, has recently been proposed to act as an opsonin that facilitates phagocytosis of neuronal debris by macrophages in the ischemic brain. The present study was designed to elucidate the process whereby OPN binds to neuronal cell debris in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Significant co-localization of the OPN protein and calcium deposits in the ischemic core were observed by combining alizarin red staining and OPN immunohistochemistry.

Expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor and its receptor in experimental obstructive nephropathy.

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is well known as a growth/survival factor of neuronal tissue. We investigated the expression of CNTF and its specific receptor alpha (CNTFRα) in a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. Complete UUO was produced by left ureteral ligation in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Distribution of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3/Flt4 mRNA in adult rat central nervous system.

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-3/Flt4 binds VEGF-C and VEGF-D with high affinity. It has been suggested to be involved in neurogenesis and adult neuronal function. However, little is known about the localization of VEGFR-3 in the adult central nervous system (CNS).

Osteopontin: correlation with phagocytosis by brain macrophages in a rat model of stroke.

Osteopontin (OPN) is an adhesive glycoprotein linked to a variety of pathophysiological processes. We investigated whether OPN might act as an opsonin in the diseased brain by studying the postischemic expression and localization of OPN mRNA and protein in a rat model of ischemic stroke. In addition, we characterized the subcellular localization of OPN protein in the ischemic brain core.

Expression of calponin in periglomerular myofibroblasts of rat kidney with experimental chronic injuries.

Our previous research demonstrated that calponin-immunoreactivity was localized in myofibroblasts of the periglomerular region of human kidney specimens obtained at the time of transplantation from organ recipients. In the present study we examined calponin expression in two chronic nephropathy models, puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephropathy and subtotal nephrectomy (SNx), to investigate the role of calponin in chronic renal injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used, and both nephropathy models were established at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery.

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 mRNA in the developing rat cerebellum.

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-3, a receptor for VEGF-C and VEGF-D, has recently been suggested to play an important role during neuronal development. To characterize its potential role in CNS ontogenesis, we investigated the spatiotemporal and cellular expression of VEGFR-3 in developing and mature rat cerebellum using in situ hybridization. VEGFR-3 expression appeared as early as E15, and was restricted to the ventricular zone of the cerebellar primordium, the germinative neuroepithelium, but was absent by E20.

Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 mRNA in glial cells following focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

To identify whether vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-3, a receptor for VEGF-C and VEGF-D, is involved in pathophysiology of stroke, we investigated the spatiotemporal regulation of VEGFR-3 mRNA after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Most of the increase in VEGFR-3 expression in the ischemic core could be attributed to brain macrophages, whereas VEGFR-3 in the peri-infarct penumbra region was predominantly expressed in reactive astrocytes. A subpopulation of VEGFR-3-expressing brain macrophages was positive for NG2 proteoglycan and showed proliferative activity.

Spatial and temporal changes of osteopontin in oxygen-glucose-deprived hippocampal slice cultures.

We have examined the temporal changes and cellular localization of osteopontin (OPN) mRNA and protein in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures subjected to ischemia-like oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The sequential induction pattern response consisted of neuronal and microglial OPN upregulation, followed by a later extended phase of expression in reactive astrocytes. OPN immunoreactivity after OGD matched the mRNA induction patterns.

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 mRNA in the rat developing forebrain and retina.

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-3, a receptor for VEGF-C and VEGF-D, is expressed in neural progenitor cells, but there has been no comprehensive study of its distribution in the developing brain. Here, the temporal and cell-specific expression of VEGFR-3 mRNA was studied in the developing rat forebrain and eye. Expression appeared along the ventricular and subventricular zones of the lateral and third ventricles showing ongoing neurogenesis as early as embryonic day 13 but was progressively down-regulated during development and remained in the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream of the adult forebrain.

Enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 in the subventricular zone of stroke-lesioned rats.

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-3, a receptor for VEGF-C and VEGF-D, has recently been proposed to be involved in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in response to cerebral ischemia. To identify whether VEGFR-3 is involved in poststroke neurogenesis, we investigated the temporal regulation of VEGFR-3 mRNA expression in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of rats with transient focal cerebral ischemia by in situ hybridization analysis, and identified the phenotypes of cells expressing VEGFR-3 by double- and triple-labeling techniques. In sham-operated rats, hybridization signals for VEGFR-3 mRNA were evident at a weaker intensity in the SVZ of the lateral ventricle.

Enhanced expression of SOCS-2 in the rat hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia.

Suppressor of cytokine signaling-2 (SOCS-2) has recently been identified as an important regulator involved in neuronal differentiation and maturation. However, the role of SOCS-2 in ischemia-induced hippocampal neurogenesis remains to be clarified. Here we investigated the spatiotemporal expression of SOCS-2 in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia, and particular attention was paid to changes in the dentate gyrus.

The expression of Müllerian inhibiting substance/anti-Müllerian hormone type II receptor protein and mRNA in benign, borderline and malignant ovarian neoplasia.

This study investigated the expression patterns of Müllerian inhibiting substance/anti-Müllerian hormone type II receptor (MIS/AMHRII) and mRNA in various types of ovarian neoplasia and evaluated the clinical significance of MIS/AMH as a biological response modifier for MIS/AMHR-positive tumors. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to detect MIS/AMHRII mRNA expression and in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to localize MIS/AMHRII mRNA and protein expression. The degree of expression was scored from 0 (no staining) to 3 (strong staining).

Penetration and efficacy of VEGF siRNA using polyelectrolyte complex micelles in a human solid tumor model in-vitro.

A polyelectrolyte complex(PEC) micelle-based siRNA delivery system has been developed for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and its antitumor efficacy has been demonstrated using in-vivo animal models. Penetration and distribution through the avascular regions of human solid tumors after extravasation are important issues for antitumor efficacy, especially for macromolecules such as VEGF siRNA PEC micelles. Using an in-vitro solid tumor model, multicellular layers(MCL) culture of human colorectal cancer cells, we evaluated the penetration kinetics and efficacy of VEGF siRNA PEC micelles(PEC-siRNA) in comparison to unmodified siRNA(N-siRNA).

Infiltration of nestin-expressing cells in interstitial fibrosis in chronic cyclosporine nephropathy.

Background: Nestin-expressing cells play a role in the repair process of injured tissues and organs. This study examined the nestin-expressing cells in interstitial fibrosis in experimental chronic cyclosporine A (CsA) nephropathy.

Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were treated daily for 1 or 4 weeks with CsA (15 mg/kg) or vehicle (VH; olive oil, 1 mg/kg).

Differential regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-C and its receptor in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia.

We investigated the changes in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and its receptor, VEGFR-3, in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia. The expression profiles of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 were very similar in the control hippocampi, where both genes were constitutively expressed in neurons in the pyramidal cell and granule cell layers. The spatiotemporal expression pattern of VEGF-C was similar to that of VEGFR-3 in the ischemic hippocampus, and in the CA1 and dentate hilar regions both VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 were strongly expressed in activated glial cells rather than in neurons.

Differential regulation of osteopontin receptors, CD44 and the alpha(v) and beta(3) integrin subunits, in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia.

We have examined the spatiotemporal regulation of CD44 and the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin subunits, which have been identified as receptors for osteopontin (OPN), in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia. Immunoreactivity for CD44 and the integrin subunits, alpha(v) and beta(3), showed characteristic time- and cell-dependent patterns in the ischemic hippocampus. CD44 immunoreactivity was induced at day 1 after reperfusion, reached a peak at day 3, and returned to basal levels by day 7.