Consideration of the diameter of superficial temporal arteries related to filler injections in the temporal region.

Background: The concavity of the temple due to adipose tissue atrophy from aging accentuates the zygomatic arch and lateral orbital rim, leading to an aged appearance. The use of hyaluronic acid filler in the temporal region has gained popularity due to its procedural simplicity and consistent outcomes.

Objective: To evaluate the safety of administering hyaluronic acid filler in the temporal region concerning the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery, which is at risk of injury.

A novel histologic description of the fibrous networks in the lid-cheek junction and infraorbital region.

The aim of this study was to identify the anatomical feature of retaining ligament and fat compartment on the lower eyelid and infraorbital region using a histological method, and to investigate clear definitions for them which could be used generally in the clinical area. Eighteen specimens from eight fresh Korean cadavers were stained with Masson trichrome or hematoxylin and eosin. The ligamentous and fascial fibrous tissue were clearly identified.

A novel description of the supporting system of the orbicularis oculi muscle in the infraorbital area: Tear trough muscle fiber.

Background: The aim of this study was to elucidate the anatomical structures of supporting system of the infraorbital area.

Materials And Methods: Forty-four hemifaces from eleven Korean and eleven Thai cadavers were used to dissect the infraorbital area. Based on the dissection and previous histologic results, they were analyzed.

Comparative study of 360° virtual reality and traditional two-dimensional video in nonface-to-face dental radiology classes: focusing on learning satisfaction and self-efficacy.

Background: Acquiring adequate theoretical knowledge in the field of dental radiography (DR) is essential for establishing a good foundation at the prepractical stage. Currently, nonface-to-face DR education predominantly relies on two-dimensional (2D) videos, highlighting the need for developing educational resources that address the inherent limitations of this method. We developed a virtual reality (VR) learning medium using 360° video with a prefabricated head-mounted display (pHMD) for nonface-to-face DR learning and compared it with a 2D video medium.

Effective Locations for Injecting Botulinum Toxin into the Mentalis Muscle; Cadaveric and Ultrasonographic Study.

The mentalis muscle is now considered key structures when performing procedures for rejuvenating the lower face. The aim of this study was to determine the anatomical morphology and location of the mentalis muscle and thereby provide anatomical information for facilitating clinical procedures designed to rejuvenate the lower face. Forty-four adult hemifaces from five Thai cadavers and 21 Korean cadavers were dissected to identify the locations of the mentalis muscle.

Anatomical variations of the stylopharyngeus and superior constrictors in relation to their function.

The aims of this study were to clarify the topography and variations stylopharyngeus (STP) and superior constrictor (SC) muscles, and to examine what role they play in the pharyngeal movement. Forty-four specimens (22 right and 22 left sides) from embalmed Korean adult cadavers (13 males, 9 females; age range, 46-89 years; mean age, 69.2 years) were used in this study.

A Proposal for Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection Into the Temporal Region in Chronic Migraine Headache.

Botulinum toxin type-A (BTX-A) injection for treating chronic migraine (CM) has developed into a new technique covering distinct injection points in the head and neck regions. The postulated analgesic mechanism implies that the injection should be administered to sensory nerves rather than to muscles. This study aimed to determine the topographical site of the auriculotemporal nerve (ATN) and to propose the effective injection points for treating CM.

Topography of the dorsal nasal artery and its clinical implications for augmentation of the dorsum of the nose.

Background: Injections of filler into the nose for dorsum augmentation have a higher risk of complications due to the complicated blood supply and anastomotic channels in this area.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the anatomical features and location of the dorsal nasal artery (DNA), and to provide clinical anatomical information to reduce side effects and severe complications in the perinasal area.

Methods: Using the 31 cadaveric noses in Asians, dissections and histologic examinations were performed to identify the location and depth of the vascular structures including DNA.

Accessory nerve distribution for aesthetic botulinum toxin injections into the upper trapezius muscle: anatomical study and clinical trial : Reproducible BoNT injection sites for upper trapezius.

Purpose: The descending part of the trapezius muscle is clinically associated with neck pain and aesthetic applications. The innervation of the trapezius muscle is not well described in the medical literature for clinicians. The aim of study was to analyze the perforating branch pattern of the accessory nerve in the descending part of the trapezius muscle with the aim of describing the most efficient and reproducible BoNT injection sites for aesthetic treatment of shoulder contouring.

Does Botulinum Toxin Injection into Masseter Muscles Affect Subcutaneous Thickness?

Background: Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is widely used to treat masseter muscle hypertrophy. Changes in the muscle thickness have been found in many studies, but there has been no report on changes in the thickness from the skin surface to the masseter muscle.

Objectives: We aimed to use ultrasonography to measure not only changes in the muscle thickness but also changes in subcutaneous thickness.

Anatomical insights of the palmaris brevis muscle for clinical procedures of the hand.

The purpose of the present study is to provide useful data for anatomists and clinicians by describing the topography of the palmaris brevis muscle, taking particular note of its morphology and distribution pattern of the nerve and artery. Forty-nine hands from Korean adult cadavers were used in this study. Parameters with respect to the size, scale, and location of the muscle were measured using a ultrasonography system, digital caliper, and surgical microscope.

Anatomical and radiographic study of the mandibular retromolar canal.

Background/purpose: As the demand for surgical procedure in the retromolar area of the mandible has been increasing, the identification of the retromolar foramen (RMF) and canal involving the retromolar triangle (RMT) has become an issue of clinical concern. We examined the shape of the RMT, incidence of the RMF, and intraosseous trajectory of the retromolar canal (RMC).

Materials And Methods: A total of 118 sides of dry mandibles, 22 sides of mandibles of 13 cadavers, and cone-beam computed tomography (CT) images of 100 patients were examined.

Anatomical recommendations for safe botulinum toxin injection into temporalis muscle: a simplified reproducible approach.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to simplify the anatomically safe and reproducible approach for BoNT injection and to generate a detailed topographic map of the important anatomical structures of the temporal region by dividing the temporalis into nine equally sized compartments.

Methods: Nineteen sides of temporalis muscle were used. The topographies of the superficial temporal artery, middle temporal vein, temporalis tendon, and the temporalis muscle were evaluated.

Clinical Signs and Subjective Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorders in Instrumentalists.

Purpose: Most of the reports on instrumentalists' experiences of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have been reported not by clinical examinations but by subjective questionnaires. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical signs and subjective symptoms of TMD in a large number of instrumentalists objectively.

Materials And Methods: A total of 739 musicians from a diverse range of instrument groups completed a TMD questionnaire.

Neuromuscular structure of the tibialis anterior muscle for functional electrical stimulation.

Purpose: This study describes the nerve entry points and intramuscular nerve branching of the tibialis anterior, providing essential information for therapeutic functional electrical stimulation and botulinum toxin injection.

Methods: One hundred and ten legs from Korean and Thai cadavers were dissected. Ten specimens were harvested and subjected to modified Sihler's staining.

Clinical Implications of the Extension of Platysmal Fibers on the Middle and Lower Face.

Background: Despite the area of insertion of the facial portion of the platysma being broad and highly variable, the details of its pattern of extension and morphology are not well described in the medical literature. The aim of this study was to clarify the extension patterns of the platysma on the middle and lower face by topographic examination and detailed dissection.

Methods: A detailed dissection was performed in the cheek region of 34 cadaveric specimens.

Blending of the lateral deep slip of the platysma muscle into the buccinator muscle.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to clarify the prevalence of blending of the lateral deep slip of the platysma into the buccinator, and the morphologic and spatial relationships thereof.

Methods: The lateral deep slip of the platysma was investigated in 42 specimens of embalmed adult Korean cadavers.

Results: The lateral deep slip of the platysma was observed in 17 of the 42 specimens (40.

The risorius muscle: anatomic considerations with reference to botulinum neurotoxin injection for masseteric hypertrophy.

Background: The botulinum neurotoxin Type A (BTX) injection into the masseter muscle often causes a change in the facial expression. There is as yet no precise anatomic evidence to support this etiologic factor of constrained facial expressions.

Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the location and boundaries of the risorius muscle and its topographical relationship with the surrounding structures.

Anatomical considerations of the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles in relation to their function on the internal surface of pharynx.

The aim of this study was to clarify the topography of the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles and to relate the findings to pharyngeal muscular function. Forty-four specimens (22 right and 22 left sides) from embalmed Korean adult cadavers (13 males, 9 females; age range, 46-89 years; mean age, 69.2 years) were used in this study.

Surgical consideration of the anatomic origin of the risorius in relation to facial planes.

Background: Confusion exists as to the plane of the risorius with respect to the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), the parotid fascia, and the masseteric fascia, which generally are considered origins of the risorius.

Objectives: The authors attempted to clarify the origin of the risorius by topographic examination and dissection, which would provide valuable anatomic information for flap dissection in facelift surgery.

Methods: Detailed dissection was performed in the perioral region of 46 cadaveric specimens to discern the origin of the risorius in relation to the fascial layer.

Topography of the greater palatine artery and the palatal vault for various types of periodontal plastic surgery.

The purpose of the present study is to provide useful data that could be applied to various types of periodontal plastic surgery by detailing the topography of the greater palatine artery (GPA), looking in particular at its depth from the palatal masticatory mucosa (PMM) and conducting a morphometric analysis of the palatal vault. Forty-three hemisectioned hard palates from embalmed Korean adult cadavers were used in this study. The morphometry of the palatal vault was analyzed, and then the specimens were decalcified and sectioned.