ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2024: Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents.

OF WHAT IS NEW/DIFFERENT Updates since the 2022 ISPAD guidelines on this topic include: • Diagnostic algorithm for youth with new onset type 2 diabetes (T2D). • Algorithms and tables for treatment, management, and assessment of co-morbidities and complications. • Recommendations on recently approved pharmacologic therapies for the treatment of youth-onset T2D and management strategies.

Systematic Evaluation of Adiposity Indices as Predictors of Hypertension Risk in Children and Adolescents.

Objective: To systemically examine the concomitant impact of adiposity indices on hypertension in children and adolescents.

Methods: A community-based cohort study by China Health and Nutrition Survey (2009-2011) included 262 children and adolescents aged 7-17. Anthropometric and lipid profiles were analyzed for hypertension risk using logistic and cross-lagged models.

Clinical and genetic characteristics of hypoparathyroidism in children: a multicenter experience in China.

Objective: This study was aimed to analyze the clinical and genetic characteristics of hypoparathyroidism in children.

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 74 patients diagnosed with pediatric hypoparathyroidism from 2014 to 2023, recruited in five medical centers across China. Data of basic information and clinical tests were extracted from patients' records.

Alternate-day fasting delays pubertal development in normal-weight mice but prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity and precocious puberty.

Background/objectives: Childhood obesity, particularly in girls, is linked to early puberty onset, heightening risks for adult-onset diseases. Addressing childhood obesity and precocious puberty is vital to mitigate societal burdens. Despite existing costly and invasive medical interventions, introducing lifestyle-based alternatives is essential.

[Research Progress in the Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome].

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common gynecological endocrine disorders. Most pathophysiological changes of PCOS begin in the peripubertal phase, and these pathophysiological changes will continuously affect women's health in the later stages of their lives. The pathogenic mechanisms of PCOS remain unclear, involving key aspects such as the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary function, ovarian cellular functions, androgen levels, and insulin resistance.

Semi-Supervised Instance Segmentation in Whole Slide Images via Dense Spatial Variability Enhancing.

Current whole slide image (WSI) segmentation aims at extracting tumor regions from the background. Unlike this, segmenting distinct tumor areas (instances) within a WSI driven by limited annotated data remains under-explored. In this paper, we formally propose semisupervised instance segmentation (Semi-IS) in WSIs.

Dynamic pattern of postprandial bile acids in paediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Background: Dysregulation of bile acids (BAs), as important signalling molecules in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism, contributes to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, static BA profiles during fasting may obscure certain pathogenetic aspects. In this study, we investigate the dynamic alterations of BAs in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) among children with NAFLD.

The profile of blood microbiome in new-onset type 1 diabetes children.

Blood microbiome signatures in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) remain unclear. We profile blood microbiome using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in 77 controls and 64 children with new-onset T1D, and compared it with the gut and oral microbiomes. The blood microbiome of patients with T1D is characterized by increased diversity and perturbed microbial features, with a significant increase in potentially pathogenic bacteria compared with controls.

Gender Difference and Changes in the Prevalence of Obesity Over Time in Children Under 12 Years Old: A Meta-analysis.

Objective: Evaluating changes over time in the odds of obesity according to sex.

Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Database were searched for relevant studies. Full-text studies evaluating the influence of sex on obesity were analyzed.

Optogenetic therapeutic strategies for diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common chronic disease affecting humans globally. It is characterized by abnormally elevated blood glucose levels due to the failure of insulin production or reduction of insulin sensitivity and functionality. Insulin and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 replenishment or improvement of insulin resistance are the two major strategies to treat diabetes.

Family History of Type 2 Diabetes and Its Association with Beta Cell Function and Lipid Profile in Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes.

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the associations between a family history of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and beta-cell function, as well as lipid profile, in pediatric patients newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on children under 14 years of age who were newly diagnosed with T1D at the Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University between August 2018 and August 2022. Clinical features, metabolic profiles, beta-cell function, and lipid profile were evaluated.

Diagnosis of Pediatric Appendicovesical Fistula by Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound: A Case Report.

Appendicovesical fistula is a rare complication associated with appendicitis, Crohn's disease, or appendiceal tumors, posing significant diagnostic challenges. We reported a pediatric case of appendicovesical fistula that remained undiagnosed by non-contrast computed tomography, fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). Although identified during cystoscopy, its connection to the fistula site could not be determined.

Genotype and phenotype in patients with ACAN gene variants: Three cases and literature review.

Objective: To characterize the phenotype spectrum, diagnosis, and response to growth-promoting therapy in patients with ACAN variants causing familial short stature.

Methods: Three families with ACAN variants causing short stature were reported. Similar cases in the literature were summarized, and the genotype and phenotype were analyzed.

Continuous age- and sex-specific reference ranges of liver enzymes in Chinese children and application in pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Background: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is widely used to screen patients with hepatic diseases. However, the current reference ranges (< 50 U/L) were developed by laboratories and have not been validated in populations with a large number of healthy individuals.

Methods: This study collected venous blood and anthropometric data from a total of 13,287 healthy children aged 3 months to 18 years who underwent routine physical examinations in the Department of Pediatric Healthcare.

Covid 19 and diabetes in children: advances and strategies.

Background: Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a notable increase in the incidence of new-onset diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Simultaneously, children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have encountered difficulties in maintaining optimal blood glucose levels. The mechanisms underpinning these correlations still remain a puzzle.

Validation of an established TW3 artificial intelligence bone age assessment system: a prospective, multicenter, confirmatory study.

Background: In 2020, our center established a Tanner-Whitehouse 3 (TW3) artificial intelligence (AI) system using a convolutional neural network (CNN), which was built upon 9059 radiographs. However, the system, upon which our study is based, lacked a gold standard for comparison and had not undergone thorough evaluation in different working environments.

Methods: To further verify the applicability of the AI system in clinical bone age assessment (BAA) and to enhance the accuracy and homogeneity of BAA, a prospective multi-center validation was conducted.

Food addiction and its impact on weight status in children and adolescents: The mediating role of responsive eating pattern.

Aims: This research explores the relationships between food addiction (FA), eating behaviours, and weight status in school-aged children and adolescents, aiming to understand how FA influences weight.

Methods: By using a cross-sectional design, 426 healthy children and their parents were enroled in Eastern China. FA was assessed using the Chinese version of the Dimensional Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children 2.

Development and validation of a nomogram for preoperative prediction of immature teratoma in children with teratoma: a retrospective, multicenter, diagnostic study.

Background: Teratomas are the most common germ cell tumors in children, and histologically classified as mature teratomas (MTs) and immature teratomas (ITs). Preoperative IT identification can affect the surgical approach, the type of procedure, and future possible reproductive health. However, there is no complete diagnostic criterion for ITs nowadays.

Boosting microscopic object detection via feature activation map guided poisson blending.

Microscopic examination of visible components based on micrographs is the gold standard for testing in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. The application of object detection technology in bioimages not only improves the efficiency of the analyst but also provides decision support to ensure the objectivity and consistency of diagnosis. However, the lack of large annotated datasets is a significant impediment in rapidly deploying object detection models for microscopic formed elements detection.

Gender differences in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents: a large cross-sectional study.

Objective: Previous studies have reported sex differences in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among adults; however, little is known about its occurrence in children and adolescents. This study aims to examine the prevalence of NAFLD among them and investigate the relationship between sex hormones and NAFLD.

Method: This study included 2999 obese Chinese children aged 2-18 years.