Small airway inflammation in atypical asthma.

Background: Less attention has been paid to the pathophysiological changes in atypical asthma such as cough variant asthma (CVA) and chest tightness variant asthma (CTVA). The obstruction of large and small airways is the important component in the development of asthma. We investigated whether small airway inflammation (SAI) induced small airway dysfunction (SAD) in these atypical asthmatics.

Investigating the impact of extreme weather events and related indicators on cardiometabolic multimorbidity.

Background: The impact of weather on human health has been proven, but the impact of extreme weather events on cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) needs to be urgently explored.

Objectives: Investigating the impact of extreme temperature, relative humidity (RH), and laboratory testing parameters at admission on adverse events in CMM hospitalizations.

Designs: Time-stratified case-crossover design.

Total ammonia nitrogen inhibits medium-chain fatty acid biosynthesis by disrupting hydrolysis, acidification, chain elongation, substrate transmembrane transport and ATP synthesis processes.

This study used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metatranscriptomic analysis to comprehensively illustrate how ammonia stress influenced medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) biosynthesis. MCFA synthesis was inhibited at total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations above 1000 mg N/L. TAN stress hindered organic hydrolysis, acidification, and volatile fatty acids elongation.

Deciphering High-Temperature-Induced Lignin Biosynthesis in Wheat through Comprehensive Transcriptome Analysis.

This study systematically investigated the physiological and molecular responses of the wheat mutant 'XC-MU201' under high-temperature stress through comprehensive transcriptome analysis and physiological measurements. RNA sequencing of 21 samples across seven different treatment groups revealed, through Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), 13 modules among 9071 genes closely related to high-temperature treatments. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses showed significant enrichment of lignin biosynthesis-related modules under high-temperature conditions, especially at the H-10DAT, H-20DAT, and H-30DAT time points.

Magnesium Ions Promote the Induction of Immunosuppressive Bone Microenvironment and Bone Repair through HIF-1α-TGF-β Axis in Dendritic Cells.

The effect of immunoinflammation on bone repair during the recovery process of bone defects needs to be further explored. It is reported that Mg can promote bone repair with immunoregulatory effect, but the underlying mechanism on adaptive immunity is still unclear. Here, by using chitosan and hyaluronic acid-coated Mg (CSHA-Mg) in bone-deficient mice, it is shown that Mg can inhibit the activation of CD4 T cells and increase regulatory T cell formation by inducing immunosuppressive dendritic cells (imDCs).

Targeted Discovery of Glycosylated Natural Products by Tailoring Enzyme-Guided Genome Mining and MS-Based Metabolome Analysis.

Glycosides make up a biomedically important class of secondary metabolites. Most naturally occurring glycosides were isolated from plants and bacteria; however, the chemical diversity of glycosylated natural products in fungi remains largely unexplored. Herein, we present a paradigm to specifically discover diverse and bioactive glycosylated natural products from fungi by combining tailoring enzyme-guided genome mining with mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolome analysis.

Contribution of small airway inflammation to the development of COPD.

Background: Little attention has been paid to the pathophysiological changes in the natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The destructions of the small airways were visualized on thoracic micro-computed tomography scan. We investigated whether small airway inflammation (SAI) was the risk for the development of COPD.

Research on speed sensorless control strategy of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on fuzzy super-twisting sliding mode observer.

Aiming at the problems of poor adjustment effect, weak anti-disturbance ability, and low robustness of the traditional sliding mode algorithm for permanent magnet synchronous motor speed sensorless, a permanent magnet synchronous motor speed observation method combining super-twisting sliding mode control algorithm and fuzzy control is proposed to accelerate the convergence speed of the system and improve the anti-disturbance ability. Fuzzy rules are used to solve the problem of obtaining the upper bound of the boundary function in the super-twisting algorithm. Moreover, the fuzzy algorithm is used to output the variable sliding mode gain instead of the fixed sliding mode coefficient to improve the system robustness and suppress the jitter.

Discovery of antifungal secondary metabolites from an intestinal fungus Fusarium sp.

Intestinal fungi, which are important parts of the gut microbiota, have the ability to produce specialized metabolites that significantly contribute to maintaining the balance of the gut microbiota and promoting the health of the host organism. In the present study, two new glycosides, including fusintespyrone A (1) and cerevisterolside A (4), as well as ten known compounds were isolated from the intestinal fungus Fusarium sp. LE06.

methyl ganoderate E extends lifespan and modulates aging-related indicators in .

Methyl Ganoderate E (MGE) is a triterpenoid derived from (Reishi), an edible mushroom, commonly processed into food forms such as soups, drinks, culinary dishes, and supplements. MGE has been shown to inhibit 3T3-L1 murine adipocyte differentiation when combined with other triterpenes. However, the specific effect of MGE on biological processes remains unknown.

Identification and Characterization of Peptaibols as the Causing Agents of Infecting the Edible Mushroom .

(previously known as ) is a pathogenic fungus of mushrooms. The molecular mechanism underlying the infection of in fruiting bodies remains unknown. In this study, three known peptaibols, alamethicin F-50, polysporin B, and septocylindrin B (-), and a new analogue, longisporin A (), were detected and identified in the culture of and the fruiting bodies of infected by .

Transcriptome Dynamics during Spike Differentiation of Wheat Reveal Amazing Changes in Cell Wall Metabolic Regulators.

Coordinated cell proliferation and differentiation result in the complex structure of the inflorescence in wheat. It exhibits unique differentiation patterns and structural changes at different stages, which have attracted the attention of botanists studying the dynamic regulation of its genes. Our research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of spike development genes at different growth stages.

A Surprising Diversity of Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase/Hydrolase in Wheat: New in Sight to the Roles in Drought Tolerance.

Drought has become a major limiting factor for wheat productivity, and its negative impact on crop growth is anticipated to increase with climate deterioration in arid areas. Xyloglucan endoglycosylases/hydrolases (XTHs) are involved in constructing and remodeling cell wall structures and play an essential role in regulating cell wall extensibility and stress responses. However, there are no systematic studies on the wheat gene family.

Gut mycobiome: A "black box" of gut microbiome-host interactions.

Fungi, being a necessary component of the gut microbiome, potentially have direct or indirect effects on the health and illness status of the host. The gut mycobiome is an inducer of the host's immunity, maintaining intestinal homeostasis, and protecting against infections, as well as a reservoir of opportunistic microorganisms and a potential cofactor when the host is immunocompromised. In addition, gut fungi interact with a diverse range of microbes in the intestinal niches.

Immunogenic molecules associated with gut bacterial cell walls: chemical structures, immune-modulating functions, and mechanisms.

Interactions between gut microbiome and host immune system are fundamental to maintaining the intestinal mucosal barrier and homeostasis. At the host-gut microbiome interface, cell wall-derived molecules from gut commensal bacteria have been reported to play a pivotal role in training and remodeling host immune responses. In this article, we review gut bacterial cell wall-derived molecules with characterized chemical structures, including peptidoglycan and lipid-related molecules that impact host health and disease processes via regulating innate and adaptive immunity.

Recent advances in gut microbiota-associated natural products: structures, bioactivities, and mechanisms.

Covering: 2014 to June 2022The gut microbiota has attracted increasing attention from researchers due to its critical role in regulating human physiology and pathophysiology. Natural products (NPs) produced or transformed by gut microbes are key signalling mediators for a variety of physiological functions. On the other hand, NPs from ethnomedicines have also been found to generate health benefits through modulation of the gut microbiota.

Japonamides A and B, Two New Cyclohexadepsipeptides from the Marine-Sponge-Derived Fungus Aspergillus japonicus and Their Synergistic Antifungal Activities.

Two new cyclohexadepsipeptides japonamides A (1) and B (2) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of a marine-sponge-derived fungus based on molecular networking. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectral analysis and their absolute configurations were confirmed by Marfey's method. Compounds 1 and 2 showed no antifungal activities against SC5314 measured by the broth microdilution method but exhibited prominent synergistic antifungal activities in combination with fluconazole, ketoconazole, or rapamycin.

Molecular networking assisted discovery and combinatorial biosynthesis of new antimicrobial pleuromutilins.

Pleuromutilins, the unique fungal metabolites possessing 5/6/8 tricyclic skeleton, are potent antibacterial leading compounds for the development of new antibiotics. We applied the MS/MS molecular networking technique and the combinatorial biosynthesis approach to discover new pleuromutilin analogues. Ten pleuromutilin derivatives including seven new compounds (1-7) were obtained from the solid culture of Omphalina mutila.

Discovery of Anti-MRSA Secondary Metabolites from a Marine-Derived Fungus .

Methicillin-resistant (MRSA), a WHO high-priority pathogen that can cause great harm to living beings, is a primary cause of death from antibiotic-resistant infections. In the present study, six new compounds, including fumindoline A-C (-), 12, 13-hydroxy-asperfumigatin (), 2--tryptoquivaline F () and penibenzophenone E (), and thirty-nine known ones were isolated from the marine-derived fungus H22. The structures and the absolute configurations of the new compounds were unambiguously assigned by spectroscopic data, mass spectrometry (MS), electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopic analyses, quantum NMR and ECD calculations, and chemical derivatizations.

Surface Gelatin-Coated β-Mannanase-Immobilized Lignin for Delayed Release of β-Mannanase to Remediate Guar-Based Fracturing Fluid Damage.

Herein, we developed an efficient and convenient method to address the problem of thickener decomposition in the low- permeability oilfield production process. It is crucial to design breakers that reduce viscosity by delaying thickener decomposition in appropriate environments. By using lignin in biomass as a substrate for β-mannanase immobilization (MIL), we fabricated a gel breaker, surface gelatin-coated β-mannanase-immobilized lignin (Ge@MIL).

Exploring Verrucosidin Derivatives with Glucose-Uptake-Stimulatory Activity from Using MS/MS-Based Molecular Networking.

Under the guidance of LC-MS/MS-based molecular networking, seven new verrucosidin derivatives, penicicellarusins A-G (-), were isolated together with three known analogues from the fungus . The structures of the new compounds were determined by a combination of NMR, mass and electronic circular dichroism spectral data analysis. The absolute configuration of penicyrone A () was corrected based on X-ray diffraction analyses.

Cyclic Tetrapeptides with Synergistic Antifungal Activity from the Fungus Using LC-MS/MS-Based Molecular Networking.

Fungal natural products play a prominent role in the development of pharmaceuticalagents. Two new cyclic tetrapeptides (CTPs), westertide A () and B (), with eight known compounds (-) were isolated from the fungus guided by OSMAC (one strain-many compounds) and molecular networking strategies. The structures of new compounds were unambiguously determined by a combination of NMR and mass data analysis, and chemical methods.

Reconstitution of biosynthetic pathway for mushroom-derived cyathane diterpenes in yeast and generation of new "non-natural" analogues.

Mushroom-derived cyathane-type diterpenes possess unusual chemical skeleton and diverse bioactivities. To efficiently supply bioactive cyathanes for deep studies and explore their structural diversity, synthesis of cyathane diterpenes in a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate engineered is investigated. Aided by homologous analyses, one new unclustered FAD-dependent oxidase EriM accounting for the formation of allyl aldehyde and three new NADP(H)-dependent reductases in the biosynthesis of cyathanes are identified and elucidated.