Citric Acid Confers Broad Antibiotic Tolerance through Alteration of Bacterial Metabolism and Oxidative Stress.

Antibiotic tolerance has become an increasingly serious crisis that has seriously threatened global public health. However, little is known about the exogenous factors that can trigger the development of antibiotic tolerance, both in vivo and in vitro. Herein, we found that the addition of citric acid, which is used in many fields, obviously weakened the bactericidal activity of antibiotics against various bacterial pathogens.

Analysis of an IncR plasmid carried by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: A survey of swine Klebsiella pneumoniae in Jilin Province.

Objectives: This study was conducted in Jilin Province to investigate the mechanism involved in the antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Methods: Lung samples were collected from large-scale pig farms in Jilin Province. Antimicrobial susceptibility and mouse lethality assays were carried out.

Transcriptomic Changes and Gene Function Analysis in with Different Levels of Resistance to Enrofloxacin.

is one of the major pathogens of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), which can develop drug resistance to many of the commonly used antibiotics. Our earlier research group found that with clinical use of enrofloxacin, was more likely to develop drug resistance to enrofloxacin. In order to better understand the resistance mechanism of to enrofloxacin, we isolated and strains with the same PFGE typing in vitro, and artificially induced to obtain the highly resistant phenotype, .