Embryonic Cadaverine Signaling: Implications for Plasma Free Amino Acid and Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism in Newly Hatched Chicks.

Cadaverine is a bioactive substance derived from lysine degradation by lysine decarboxylase and has gained attention for its physiological effects. Studies in rodents have revealed its role as a cell growth regulator, particularly intestinal bacterial-produced cadaverine. However, the nutritional and physiological roles of cadaverine during the embryonic period remain unclear, especially considering the immature state of the gut microbiota and digestive functions during this stage.

Quantification of N -Methylhistidine and N-Methylhistidine in Chicken Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

The concentration of -methylhistidine in plasma provides an index of skeletal muscle protein breakdown. This study aimed to establish a quantitative method for measuring the concentrations of -methylhistidine and its isomer -methylhistidine in chicken plasma, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with stable isotope dilution analysis. The acceptable linear ranges of detection were 1.

Comparison of oral administration of fructose and glucose on food intake and physiological parameters in broiler chicks.

Like glucose, fructose is a monosaccharide, but the mechanisms of its absorption and metabolism in the body are very different between the 2 molecules. In this study, we investigated the effects of oral administration of glucose and fructose on food intake, diencephalic gene expression, and plasma metabolite concentrations in broiler chicks. The animals used in this study were 4-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308).

Cryopreservation Competence of Chicken Oocytes as a Model of Endangered Wild Birds: Effects of Storage Time and Temperature on the Ovarian Follicle Survival.

For the conservation of endangered avian species, developing gamete preservation technologies is essential. However, studies in oocytes have not been widely conducted. In this study, assuming that the ovaries are transported to a research facility after death, we investigated the effect of ovary storage on oocytes for the purpose of cryopreserving avian female gametes by using a chicken as a model of endangered avian species.

Metabolism of Imidazole Dipeptides, Taurine, Branched-Chain Amino Acids, and Polyamines of the Breast Muscle Are Affected by Post-Hatch Development in Chickens.

To explore metabolic characteristics during the post-hatch developmental period, metabolomic analyses of breast muscle and plasma were performed in chickens. The most significant growth-related changes in metabolite levels were observed between seven and 28 days of age. Some of these metabolites are essential nutrients or reported as growth-promoting metabolites.

Oral administration of L-citrulline changes the concentrations of plasma hormones and biochemical profile in heat-exposed broilers.

We examined the effects of oral administration of L-citrulline (L-Cit) on plasma metabolic hormones and biochemical profile in broilers. Food intake, water intake, and body temperature were also analyzed. After dual oral administration (20 mmol/head/administration) of L-Cit, broilers were exposed to a high ambient temperature (HT; 30 ± 1°C) chamber for 120 min.

Repeated thermal conditioning during the neonatal period affects behavioral and physiological responses to acute heat stress in chicks.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of repeated thermal conditioning (RTC) at an early age on physiological and behavioral responses in chicks.

Methods: Birds were assigned to one of the four treatments in which the RTC was exposure to 40 °C for 15 min daily. The treatments were 1) no thermal conditioning (control); 2) early exposure group (EE; RTC from 2 to 4 days of age); 3) later exposure group (LE; RTC from 5 to 7 days of age); or 4) both early and later exposure (BE; RTC from 2 to 7 days of age).

Glycyl-l-glutamine attenuates NPY-induced hyperphagia via the melanocortin system.

This study aimed to determine whether glycyl-l-glutamine (Gly-Gln; β-endorphin (30-31)), a non-opioid peptide derived from β-endorphin processing, modulates neuropeptide Y (NPY)-induced feeding and hypothalamic mRNA expression of peptide hormones in male broiler chicks. Intracerebroventricular injection of NPY (235 pmol) generated a hyperphagic response in ad libitum chicks within 30 min. Co-administration of Gly-Gln (100 nmol) attenuated this response, inducing a 30 % decrease.

Effect of Stereotaxic Surgery of the Third Ventricle on Growth Performance in Neonatal Chicks.

Feeding behavior and energy metabolism are precisely regulated by humoral and/or neural factors in the central nervous system. In particular, nuclei, such as the arcuate nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, and lateral hypothalamic area located near the third ventricle of the hypothalamus are the centers of feeding and energy metabolism in various vertebrate species, including chickens. In this study, we evaluated the effects of cannulation of the third ventricle on chick growth and feeding behavior in the neonatal stage, to develop a method for local and chronic central nervous system-mediated energy metabolism.

Effects of In Ovo Vitamin D Injection on Subsequent Growth of Broilers.

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of vitamin D (Vit D) administration on growth of broiler chickens when Vit D was dissolved in soybean oil. Sixty Ross broiler eggs were incubated at 37.8°C and >60% relative humidity.

Effects of Dietary Methionine or Arginine Levels on the Urinary Creatinine Excretion in Broiler Chicks.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the usefulness of urinary creatinine levels as a criterion for the estimation of protein and amino acid requirements in poultry. Here we studied the effects of dietary precursor levels of creatinine, methionine and arginine, on urinary creatinine excretion in experiments. Both experiments used 15 Chunky broilers chicks that were 8 days old.

Comparisons of insulin related parameters in commercial-type chicks: Evidence for insulin resistance in broiler chicks.

The aim of this study is to elucidate whether insulin acts differentially within the central nervous system (CNS) of two types of commercial chicks to control ingestive behavior. Male layer and broiler chicks (4-day-old) were intracerebroventricularly (ICV) injected with saline or insulin under satiated and starved conditions. Feed intake was measured at 30, 60 and 120 min after treatment.

Localization of hypothalamic insulin receptor in neonatal chicks: evidence for insulinergic system control of feeding behavior.

Feeding behavior is managed by various neuropeptides and/or neurotransmitters within the central nervous system in vertebrates. It is proposed that central insulin acts as the negative-feedback regulator of appetite via the central melanocortin system in neonatal chicks. The present study investigated the localization of insulin receptors in the chick hypothalamus using immunohistochemistry.

The number of taste buds is related to bitter taste sensitivity in layer and broiler chickens.

The relationship between taste sensitivity and the number of taste buds using a bitter tastant, quinine hydrochloride, was investigated in White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red, and broiler chickens. The White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red strains were able to perceive 2.0 mmol/L quinine hydrochloride, but the taste sensitivity of Rhode Island Red chickens was higher than that of White Leghorn chickens.

Mutual information and boson radius in a c=1 critical system in one dimension.

We study the generic scaling properties of the mutual information between two disjoint intervals, in a class of one-dimensional quantum critical systems described by the c=1 bosonic field theory. A numerical analysis of a spin-chain model reveals that the mutual information is scale invariant and depends directly on the boson radius. We interpret the results in terms of correlation functions of branch-point twist fields.

Effect of nociceptin/orphanin FQ on feeding behavior and hypothalamic neuropeptide expression in layer-type chicks.

Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) was identified in 1995 as the endogenous ligand for the orphan G(i)/G(o)-coupled opioid receptor-like 1 receptor (NOP(1)). Exogenous N/OFQ increases food intake in mammals, but its effect and mode of action in chicks are not fully known. We report herein that N/OFQ (5.

Effects of N-terminal fragments of beta-endorphin on feeding in chicks.

It is known that N-terminal fragments of beta-endorphin have biological activities, such as an antagonism effect of beta-endorphin (1-31) on the secretion of hormones or thermoregulation in mammals. We studied the effects of the N-terminal fragments on feeding behavior in male broiler chicks. Intracerebroventricular administration of beta-endorphin (1-27) (0.

Micro-opioid receptor agonist diminishes POMC gene expression and anorexia by central insulin in neonatal chicks.

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the hypothalamus are direct targets of peripheral satiety signals, such as leptin and insulin in mammals. The stimulation of these signals activates hypothalamic POMC neurons and elevates POMC-derived melanocortin peptides that inhibit food intake in mammals. On the other hand, it has been recognized that beta-endorphin, a post-translational processing of POMC, acts in an autoreceptor manner to the micro-opioid receptor (MOR) on POMC neurons, diminishing POMC neuronal activity in mammals.

Central insulin suppresses feeding behavior via melanocortins in chicks.

Growing evidence suggests that insulin interacts with both orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides in the brain for the control of feeding behavior in mammals. However, the action of central insulin in chicks has not yet been identified. In the present study, we investigated the effects of central injection of insulin on feeding behavior in chicks.