[Geochemical Background and Baseline Value of Soil Chemical Elements in Hebei Province].

Geochemical background and baseline values are important parameters for understanding the geochemical characteristics of soil elements, but the research degree of these two parameters is lacking in Hebei Province. Therefore, data from the multi-purpose regional geochemical survey and land quality geochemical assessment in Hebei Province from 2004 to 2018 were collected, covering approximately 71% of the land area of the whole province. Based on the data of surface soil and deep soil, scientific and robust methods including median value and median absolute deviation were used to calculate the geochemical background values, geochemical baseline values, as well as variation ranges of 54 indexes (Ag, AlO, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, CaO, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, F, FeO, Ga, Ge, Hg, I, KO, La, Li, MgO, Mn, Mo, N, NaO, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, pH, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, SiO, Sn, Sr, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr, total carbon (TC), and organic carbon (C)) in Hebei Province and 11 prefecture-level cities.

Glutamatergic synapses from the insular cortex to the basolateral amygdala encode observational pain.

Empathic pain has attracted the interest of a substantial number of researchers studying the social transfer of pain in the sociological, psychological, and neuroscience fields. However, the neural mechanism of empathic pain remains elusive. Here, we establish a long-term observational pain model in mice and find that glutamatergic projection from the insular cortex (IC) to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for the formation of observational pain.

Neurotensin Attenuates Nociception by Facilitating Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in the Mouse Spinal Cord.

Neurotensin (NT) is an endogenous tridecapeptide in the central nervous system. NT-containing neurons and NT receptors are widely distributed in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH), indicating their possible modulatory roles in nociception processing. However, the exact distribution and function of NT, as well as NT receptors (NTRs) expression in the SDH, have not been well documented.