Nitrogen allocation for CO fixation promotes nitrogen use in the photosynthetic compensation of soybean under heterogeneous light after a pre-shading.

Unlabelled: The spatial and temporal distribution of sunlight around plants is constantly changing in natural and farmland environments. Previous studies showed that the photosynthesis of crops responds significantly to heterogeneous light conditions in fields. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Singlet oxygen induces cell wall thickening and stomatal density reducing by transcriptome reprogramming.

Singlet oxygen (O) has a very short half-life of 10 s; however, it is a strong oxidant that causes growth arrest and necrotic lesions on plants. Its signaling pathway remains largely unknown. The Arabidopsis flu (fluorescent) mutant accumulates a high level of O and shows drastic changes in nuclear gene expression.

Soybean balanced the growth and defense in response to SMV infection under different light intensities.

Light is essential for the growth and defense of soybean. It is not clear how soybeans adjust their defenses to different light environments with different cropping patterns. The mechanism of soybean response to (SMV) infection under different light intensities was analyzed by RNA-seq sequencing method.

Photosynthetic compensation of maize in heterogeneous light is impaired by restricted photosynthate export.

When a plant is exposed to heterogeneous light, the photosynthesis of unshaded leaves is often stimulated to compensate for the decline in photosynthesis of shaded leaves, i.e., photosynthetic compensation.

Development of a multiplex RT-PCR assay for the detection of soybean mosaic virus, bean common mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus in field samples of soybean.

Soybean is susceptible to viral diseases which are often present as mixed infections. The individual simplex RT-PCR methods used for the identification of multiple viruses are more tedious and time-consuming than the corresponding multiplex RT-PCR. This study used soybean mosaic virus (SMV), bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-infected leaf samples from southern China as the test materials to evaluate a multiplex RT-PCR assay developed for the simultaneous detection of these viruses.

Potential importance of malate diffusion in the response of maize photosynthesis to heterogeneous light.

It is well known that the photosynthetic performance of a leaf is highly dependent on the systemic regulation from distal parts within a plant under light heterogeneity. However, there are few studies focusing on C-specific processes. In the present study, two cultivars of maize (Zea mays L.

Comparative study on the different responses of maize photosynthesis to systemic regulation under light heterogeneity.

Photosynthetic performance of a leaf is widely recognized to be systemically regulated by distal parts within the same plant. However, the effects of systemic regulation on different plant materials cannot be generalized. In this work, two cultivars of maize (Zea mays L.

Involvement of carbohydrates in long-term light-dependent systemic regulation on photosynthesis of maize under light heterogeneity.

It is widely recognized that different parts of a plant can communicate with each other via light-dependent long-distance signaling under heterogeneous light conditions. However, the mechanism of such systemic signaling has not been revealed yet. Our studies on different species suggest the involvement of carbohydrates in light-dependent systemic regulation between different parts of a plant under both short- and long-term light heterogeneity.

Two-factor ANOVA of SSH and RNA-seq analysis reveal development-associated Pi-starvation genes in oilseed rape.

The 5-leaf-stage rape seedlings were more insensitive to Pi starvation than that of the 3-leaf-stage plants, which may be attributed to the higher expression levels of ethylene signaling and sugar-metabolism genes in more mature seedlings. Traditional suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and RNA-Seq usually screen out thousands of differentially expressed genes. However, identification of the most important regulators has not been performed to date.

Genetic map construction and QTL analysis of leaf-related traits in soybean under monoculture and relay intercropping.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an important food and oil crop widely planted by intercropping in southwest China. The shade caused by intercropping changes plant growth traits, such as soybean leaf and dry mass, thereby reducing yields.

Nitric oxide induces monosaccharide accumulation through enzyme S-nitrosylation.

Nitric oxide (NO) is extensively involved in various growth processes and stress responses in plants; however, the regulatory mechanism of NO-modulated cellular sugar metabolism is still largely unknown. Here, we report that NO significantly inhibited monosaccharide catabolism by modulating sugar metabolic enzymes through S-nitrosylation (mainly by oxidizing dihydrolipoamide, a cofactor of pyruvate dehydrogenase). These S-nitrosylation modifications led to a decrease in cellular glycolysis enzymes and ATP synthase activities as well as declines in the content of acetyl coenzyme A, ATP, ADP-glucose and UDP-glucose, which eventually caused polysaccharide-biosynthesis inhibition and monosaccharide accumulation.

Fungal Diversity in Field Mold-Damaged Soybean Fruits and Pathogenicity Identification Based on High-Throughput rDNA Sequencing.

Continuous rain and an abnormally wet climate during harvest can easily lead to soybean plants being damaged by field mold (FM), which can reduce seed yield and quality. However, to date, the underlying pathogen and its resistance mechanism have remained unclear. The objective of the present study was to investigate the fungal diversity of various soybean varieties and to identify and confirm the FM pathogenic fungi.

Metabolism variation and better storability of dark- versus light-coloured soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seeds.

The effects of storage duration on the seed germination and metabolite profiling of soybean seeds with five different coloured coats were studied. Their germination, constituents and transcript expressions of isoflavones and free fatty acids (FFAs) were compared using chromatographic metabolomic profiling and transcriptome sequencing. The seed water content was characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry.

[Relationship between cellulose synthesis metabolism and lodging resistance in intercropping soybean at seedling stage].

Physical characteristics of stem are closely relative to the crop lodging. Increase of stem strength is conducive to resolve the problem of lodging. Three soybean cultivars with different shade tolerance were planted under maize-soybean intercropping and soybean monocropping, respectively.

[Effect of fertilization levels on soil microorganism amount and soil enzyme activities].

Field experiments were conducted in Shangluo pharmaceutical base in Shaanxi province to study the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in different fertilization levels on Platycodon grandiflorum soil microorganism and activities of soil enzyme, using three-factor D-saturation optimal design with random block design. The results showed that N0P2K2, N2P2K0, N3P1K3 and N3P3K1 increased the amount of bacteria in 0-20 cm of soil compared with N0P0K0 by 144.34%, 39.

[Seedling index of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its simulation model].

Through the correlation analysis on the quantitative traits and their ratios of Salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings and seedling quality, a series of representative indices reflecting the seedling quality of the plant species were determined, and the seedling index suitable to the S. miltiorrhiza seedlings was ascertained by correlation degree analysis. Meanwhile, based on the relationships between the seedling index and the air temperature, solar radiation and air humidity, a simulation model for the seedling index of S.

Red blood cell extrudes nucleus and mitochondria against oxidative stress.

Mammal red blood cells (erythrocytes) contain neither nucleus nor mitochondria. Traditional theory suggests that the presence of a nucleus would prevent big nucleated erythrocytes to squeeze through these small capillaries. However, nucleus is too small to hinder erythrocyte deformation.

Mammal cells double their total RNAs against diabetes, ischemia reperfusion and malaria-induced oxidative stress.

Total cellular RNA level is stable usually, although it may increase gradually during growth or decrease gradually under certain stressors. However, we found that mammal cell RNAs could be doubled within 24 h in response to free heme accumulation (ischemia reperfusion and malaria infection) or a high level of glucose treatment (diabetes). Clinical investigations in rats showed that pretreatment with heme (24 h for doubling total RNAs) alleviated oxidative damages caused by diabetes, and pretreatment with glucose (24 h for trebling total RNAs) alleviated oxidative damages caused by ischemia reperfusion or malaria infection.

Plant-like proteins in protozoa, metazoa and fungi imply universal plastid endosymbiosis.

In recent years, plant-like proteins in protozoa, metazoa and fungi have been identified. Analysis of them suggests that for millions of years universal plastid endosymbiosis and gene transfer occurred in ancestors of metazoa/fungi, and some transferred fragments have been reserved till now even in modern mammals. Most eukaryotes once contained plastids in the ancient era, and some of them lost plastids later.

Light regulation to chlorophyll synthesis and plastid development of the chlorophyll-less golden-leaf privet.

Ligustrum vicaryi L. is a hybrid of Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. var.

Effects of light on cyanide-resistant respiration and alternative oxidase function in Arabidopsis seedlings.

Mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX), the unique respiratory terminal oxidase in plants, catalyzes the energy wasteful cyanide (CN)-resistant respiration and plays a role in optimizing photosynthesis. Although it has been demonstrated that leaf AOX is upregulated after illumination, the in vivo mechanism of AOX upregulation by light and its physiological significance are still unknown. In this report, red light and blue light-induced AOX (especially AOX1a) expressions were characterized.

Putative mutation mechanism and light responses of a protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase-less barley mutant NYB.

NYB (Nanchong Yellow Barley) is a Chl-less barley mutant, which is controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. It is the only protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases (POR)-less barley mutant known in the world. The putative mechanism of the mutation and its Chl synthesis and plastid development are studied here.

Phosphorylation of photosynthetic antenna protein CP29 and photosystem II structure changes in monocotyledonous plants under environmental stresses.

Kinetic studies of protein dephosphorylation in thylakoid membranes showed that the minor light-harvesting antenna protein CP29 could be phosphorylated in barley (C3) and maize (C4) seedlings, but not in spinach under water [Liu, W. J., et al.

Lack of salicylic acid in Arabidopsis protects plants against moderate salt stress.

Previous studies showed that salicylic acid (SA)-deficient transgenic Arabidopsis expressing the salicylate hydroxylase gene NahG had a higher tolerance to moderate salt stress. SA may potentiate the stress response of germination and growth of Arabidopsis seedlings by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the detailed mechanism for a better adaption of NahG plants to moderate salt stress is largely unknown.