Abnormal resting-state hyperconnectivity in schizophrenia: A whole-head near-infrared spectroscopy study.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive functional neuroimaging modality that can detect changes in blood oxygenation levels by tracking cortical neural activity. We recorded the resting-state brain activity of 24 individuals with schizophrenia and 90 healthy controls for 8 min using a whole-head NIRS arrangement and then used partial correlation analysis to estimate the resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) between 17 cortical regions. We found that the RSFC between the bilateral orbitofrontal cortices (OFCs) and between the right temporal and parietal lobes was significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy controls.

Alterations of auditory-evoked gamma oscillations are more pronounced than alterations of spontaneous power of gamma oscillation in early stages of schizophrenia.

Several animal models of schizophrenia and patients with chronic schizophrenia have shown increased spontaneous power of gamma oscillations. However, the most robust alterations of gamma oscillations in patients with schizophrenia are reduced auditory-oscillatory responses. We hypothesized that patients with early-stage schizophrenia would have increased spontaneous power of gamma oscillations and reduced auditory-oscillatory responses.

Preliminary Evaluation of Translated and Culturally Adapted Internet-Delivered Cognitive Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: Multicenter, Single-Arm Trial in Japan.

Background: Internet-delivered cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder (iCT-SAD), which is a therapist-guided modular web-based treatment, has shown strong efficacy and acceptability in English-language randomized controlled trials in the United Kingdom and Hong Kong. However, it is not yet known whether iCT-SAD can retain its efficacy following linguistic translation and cultural adaptation of treatment contents and implementation in other countries such as Japan.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the preliminary efficacy and acceptability of the translated and culturally adapted iCT-SAD in Japanese clinical settings.

Role of mixing thermodynamic properties on the Soret effect.

We demonstrate that the modified Kempers model, a recently developed theoretical model for the Soret effect in oxide melts, is applicable for predicting the composition dependence of the Soret coefficient in three binary molecular liquids with negative enthalpies of mixing. We compared the theoretical and experimental values for water/ethanol, water/methanol, water/ethylene glycol, water/acetone, and benzene/n-heptane mixtures. In water/ethanol, water/methanol, and water/ethylene glycol, which have negative enthalpies of mixing across the entire mole fraction range, the modified Kempers model successfully predicts the sign change of the Soret coefficient with high accuracy, whereas, in water/acetone and benzene/n-heptane, which have composition ranges with positive enthalpies of mixing, it cannot predict the sign change of the Soret coefficient.

Composition-dependent sign inversion of the Soret coefficient of SiO in binary borosilicate melts.

Using a laser-induced local-heating experiment combined with temperature analysis, we observed the composition-dependent sign inversion of the Soret coefficient of SiO in binary silicate melts, which was successfully explained by a modified Kempers model used for describing the Soret effect in oxide melts. In particular, the diffusion of SiO to the cold side under a temperature gradient, which is an anomaly in silicate melts, was observed in the SiO-poor compositions. The theoretical model indicates that the thermodynamic mixing properties of oxides, partial molar enthalpy of mixing, and partial molar volume are the dominant factors for determining the migration direction of the SiO component under a temperature gradient.

Abnormality of Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Major Depressive Disorder: A Study With Whole-Head Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a functional neuroimaging modality that has advantages in clinical usage. Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have found that the resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the default mode network (DMN) is increased, while the RSFC of the cognitive control network (CCN) is reduced in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared with healthy controls. This study tested whether the NIRS-based RSFC measurements can detect the abnormalities in RSFC that have been associated with MDD in previous fMRI studies.

Determination of thermodynamic and microscopic origins of the Soret effect in sodium silicate melts: Prediction of sign change of the Soret coefficient.

The Soret effect in silicate melts has attracted attention in earth and material sciences, particularly in glass science and engineering, because a compositional change caused by the Soret effect modifies the material properties of silicate melts. We investigated the Soret effect in an NaO-SiO system, which is the most common representative of silicate melts. Our theoretical approach based on the modified Kempers model and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation was validated for 30NaO-70SiO(mol.

Shared functional impairment in the prefrontal cortex affects symptom severity across psychiatric disorders.

Background: The prefrontal deficits in psychiatric disorders have been investigated using functional neuroimaging tools; however, no studies have tested the related characteristics across psychiatric disorders considering various demographic and clinical confounders.

Methods: We analyzed 1558 functional brain measurements using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy during a verbal fluency task from 1200 participants with three disease spectra [196 schizophrenia, 189 bipolar disorder (BPD), and 394 major depressive disorder (MDD)] and 369 healthy controls along with demographic characteristics (age, gender, premorbid IQ, and handedness), task performance during the measurements, clinical assessments, and medication equivalent doses (chlorpromazine, diazepam, biperiden, and imipramine) in a consistent manner. The association between brain functions and demographic and clinical variables was tested using a general linear mixed model (GLMM).

Role of partial molar enthalpy of oxides on Soret effect in high-temperature CaO-SiO melts.

The Soret effect or thermodiffusion is the temperature-gradient driven diffusion in a multicomponent system. Two important conclusions have been obtained for the Soret effect in multicomponent silicate melts: first, the SiO component concentrates in the hot region; and second, heavier isotopes concentrate in the cold region more than lighter isotopes. For the second point, the isotope fractionation can be explained by the classical mechanical collisions between pairs of particles.

Severity-dependent and -independent brain regions of major depressive disorder: A long-term longitudinal near-infrared spectroscopy study.

Background: Long-term longitudinal studies are necessary to establish neuroimaging indicators which contribute to the detection of severity changes over time in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods: One hundred sixty-five patients with MDD underwent clinical assessments and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) examination at the initial evaluation (T0). After 1.

Application of functional near infrared spectroscopy as supplementary examination for diagnosis of clinical stages of psychosis spectrum.

Aim: Research efforts aiming at neuroimaging-aided differential diagnosis for psychiatric disorders have been progressing rapidly. A previous multisite study has developed a supplementary diagnostic system using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) that can be easily applied to clinical settings. However, few neuroimaging biomarkers have been developed for the psychosis spectrum with various clinical stages.