A Consolidated Pulp Test System Including Flowmetry, Pulse Oximetry, and Thermometry.

Aim: The aim of this study is to report manufacturing a consolidated pulp test system that includes thermometry, flowmetry, and pulse oximetry.

Background: The ideal method for the evaluation of pulp vitality should be objective, noninvasive, easy to use, reliable, and painless. Currently, the most commonly used tests (such as electricity, heat, and cold tests) depend on patients' sensibility and are highly subjective.

Smear Layer Removing Ability of Root Canal Irrigation Solutions: A Review.

Aim: The purpose of this review is to address the smear layer removing the ability of root different canal irrigants including ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a mixture of tetracycline, acid and detergent (MTAD), tetraclean, citric acid, Q-Mix, maleic acid, and smear clear.

Background: Smear layer is a layer which is produced during instrumentation. It contains both organic and inorganic materials.

Prevalence and Reasons for Extraction of Endodontically Treated Teeth in Adult Nigerians.

Aim: Teeth extraction is an important problem in elder patients. Although some of these teeth have been endodontically treated, many of them may be subjected to extraction. The reasons for extraction are important for prevention planning in further patients.

A Review on Triple Antibiotic Paste as a Suitable Material Used in Regenerative Endodontics.

As the root canal system shows different and complicated anatomies, mechanical instrumentation alone has not the ability to provide a bacteria-free environment in root canals. On the other aspect, necrotic tissue remaining can decrease the effects of root canal irrigants and medicaments and also interfere with the adaptation of root canal fillings to dentin. As a result, certain disinfection and irrigation procedures are required to remove the remaining tissues from the root canal area thoroughly and also be able to eliminate the microorganisms.

Photodvnamic Therapy in Endodontics.

Unlabelled: Commonly used irrigants do not always eradicate the entire microbial flora in infected root canals. Therefore, several other strategies, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been developed. Photoactivated disinfection is based on the interaction of a photosensitive antibacterial agent and a light source.

Unusual Root Canal Irrigation Solutions.

Microorganisms and their by-products play a critical role in pulp and periradicular pathosis. Therefore, one of the main purposes of root canal treatment is disinfection of the entire system of the canal. This aim may be obtained using mechanical preparation, chemical irrigation, and temporary medication of the canal.

Establishing Apical Patency: To be or not to be?

Introduction: The apical portion of the root canal is very complex and challenging during endodontic treatment. Root canal preparation and obturation to the apical constriction may provide the best prognosis. Incomplete debridement, foramen transportation, and inadequate seal in the apical portion are considered to be responsible for treatment failure.

Additive and reducing Effects between Calcium Hydroxide and Current Irrigation Solutions.

Microorganisms should be considered to have the major role in starting and perpetuation of pulpo-periapical diseases. Using intracanal medicaments is necessary to gain a bacteria-free environment in the canal system. Calcium hydroxide (abbreviated as Ca(OH)), which is the most commonly used medicament in endodontic therapy, has been shown to be effective against primary sources of infection; however, its effectiveness against some microorganisms, such as Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis has not been proved.

Lasers in Apicoectomy: A Brief Review.

Since the invention of laser, various applications for lasers in endodontics have been proposed, such as disinfection of the root canal system, canal shaping, pulp diagnosis, and apico-ectomy. One of the major applications of laser in endodontics is apicoectomy. The aim of this article is to review the benefits and drawbacks of laser applications in apicoectomy, including effect on apical seal, effect on dentin permeability, effect on postsurgery pain, effect on crack formation, effect on root-end morphology, effect on treatment outcome, and connective tissue response to laser-treated dentin.

Laser-based Disinfection of the Root Canal System: An Update.

Microorganisms have been considered to have played a critical role in the initiation and development of pulpo-periapical diseases. Some evidences have shown that mechanical instrumentation may leave considerable portions of canal surfaces undebrided. Therefore, some supplemental methods, such as the use of chemical solutions and/or lasers, have been introduced to further disinfect the complicated canal anatomy and destroy as many microorganisms as possible.

Human Pulp Response to Direct Pulp Capping and Miniature Pulpotomy with MTA after Application of Topical Dexamethasone: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Introduction: The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the histologic pulp tissue response to one-step direct pulp capping (DPC) and miniature pulpotomy (MP) with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) after application of dexamethasone in healthy human premolars.

Methods And Materials: Forty intact premolars from 10 orthodontic patients, were randomly chosen for DPC (n=20) or MP (n=20). In 10 teeth from each group, after exposure of the buccal pulp horn, topical dexamethasone was applied over the pulp.

Resilon: Review of a New Material for Obturation of the Canal.

Resilon is a thermoplastic synthetic polymer-based endodontic material alternative to gutta-percha. It contains bioactive glass and also radiopaque fillers. It has the same handling properties as gutta-percha.

Effects of KTP Laser Bleaching on Traumatized Tooth Enamel.

Background: Bleaching of traumatized discolored teeth is considered an important issue in esthetic dentistry. Various methods have been introduced for bleaching, some of which may have adverse effects on soft or hard tissues of the tooth.

Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of KTP laser bleaching on enamel of traumatized teeth.

Vital Bleaching of Tetracycline-Stained Teeth by Using KTP Laser: A Case Report.

Bleaching of discolored teeth is one of the most important topics in aesthetic dentistry. A great challenge in this area is obtaining good results in tetracycline-stained teeth. The wavelength and features of KTP laser, which is a type of Nd:YAG laser, seem to be appropriate for bleaching of these teeth.

Basic study of the use of laser on detection of vertical root fracture.

Objective: Many methods are used to detect vertical root fractures, but most are not adequate for identification of incomplete fractures or cracks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three detergents on detection of vertical root fractures by DIAGNOdent with methylene blue (MB) solution.

Methods: Vertical incomplete fractures were artificially created on the roots of extracted human teeth, the DIAGNOdent values (D values) recorded in the presence or absence of MB solution, and the effects of detergents on D values examined.

The application of tooth temperature measurement in endodontic diagnosis: a review.

Teeth with vital pulp are those with an adequate vascular supply, so the circulatory status, and not sensitivity response of the pulp tissue, has been proposed to assess pulp vitality. Some experimental methods have been used to assess this; one of them is the measurement of tooth temperature, which may indicate the pulp vasculature. Some authors have found no differences between the temperatures of teeth with vital and nonvital pulp; however, others found that teeth with nonvital pulp have lower temperatures than teeth with vital pulp.

Light intensity evaluation of laser-induced fluorescence after caries removal using an experimental caries staining agent.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intensity of fluorescent light reflected from cavity wall dentin, after dentin stained by an experimental caries detecting liquid was removed.

Background Data: The conventional caries detecting liquid tends to penetrate dentin too deeply. On the other hand, DIAGNOdent has gradually gained recognition and established itself as a caries detection device using a laser beam.

Effects of KTP laser irradiation, diode laser, and LED on tooth bleaching: a comparative study.

Objective: This in vitro study examines the whitening efficacy of a light-emitting diode (LED), a diode laser, and a KTP laser irradiation in dental bleaching by analyzing the change in color achieved from the treatment, the temperature increase induced in the pulpal cavity, as well as enamel microhardness measurement after treatment.

Background Data: Bleaching techniques achieved significant advances with the use of coherent or incoherent radiation sources to activate the bleaching agents.

Methods: A hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent, Hi-Lite, was stimulated with an LED, a 980-nm diode laser at 0.

Effect of a novel Er:YAG laser in caries removal and cavity preparation: a clinical observation.

Objective: We evaluated the applicability of a novel Er:YAG laser under clinical conditions.

Background Data: The Er:YAG laser has been demonstrated to be a safe and effective alternative to the conventional turbine bur, but the relatively low cutting speed prevented the wide application of Er:YAG laser in clinical cavity preparation.

Methods: A Smart 2940 D laser developed by Deka Corporation was used for cavity preparation in 95 teeth of 45 patients.

An assessment following root canal preparation by Er,Cr: YSGG laser irradiation in straight and curved roots, in vitro.

In the present study, the effectiveness of Er,Cr:YSGG laser in straight and curved root canal preparation was compared with that of the conventional canal preparation technique, in vitro. The degree of root curvature of 40 root canals was determined, and then 20 canals were prepared by an Er,Cr:YSGG laser of 2 W by using the crown-down technique, while the other 20 canals were shaped by K-file (control). The achievement degree of root canal preparation and debris score was investigated morphologically.

Effects of diode laser irradiation on smear layer removal from root canal walls and apical leakage after obturation.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the rise in temperature in root surfaces during and immediately after diode laser irradiation, to observe morphological changes of root canal wall after irradiation, and to evaluate the apical leakage after irradiation and obturation in vitro.

Background Data: There have been very few reports on root canal treatment by 980-nm wavelength diode laser.

Methods: Sixty-six extracted human single-rooted teeth were instrumented up to size 60 K-file, and then randomly divided into three groups of 22 teeth each.

Efficacy of root canal preparation by Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation with crown-down technique in vitro.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of Er,Cr:YSGG laser in root canal preparation and its effectiveness in removing debris and smear layer with the efficacy of the conventional hand instrument, in vitro.

Background Data: Recently, the use of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser device in root canal preparation has been excepted in the dental clinic. However, there have been no published reports on root canal preparation by using the Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation.

Morphological comparative study on ablation of dental hard tissues at cavity preparation by Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate morphologically the dental hard tissue ablation at the class V cavity preparation by two types of laser devices: Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers in vitro.

Background Data: There have been no reports on the comparative study of dental tissue ablation at cavity preparation by Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers.

Methods: Twenty-two extracted human mature molar teeth were used in this study and divided into two groups of 11 teeth each.

Thermographical and morphological studies of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation on root canal walls.

Objective: This study was performed to investigate the temperature rises on root surfaces and morphological changes on root canal walls of extracted human teeth after irradiation by erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet (Er, Cr:YSGG) laser and to evaluate the efficiency in removing smear layer and debris from the prepared root canal walls in vitro.

Background Data: No report on Er, Cr:YSGG laser effects under various conditions and specific tips for endodontic treatments has been reported.

Methods: Sixty extracted human teeth with single and straight root were used in this study.

Comparative study of carious dentin removal by Er,Cr:YSGG laser and Carisolv.

Objective: The present study aimed to compare carious dentin removal by air turbine, Carisolv and erbium,chromium:yttrium,scandium,gallium,garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser, and examine morphological changes before and after these caries removal techniques under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Background Data: Although there have been numerous studies on removing caries by Er,Cr:YSGG laser, none has compared Er,Cr:YSGG laser and Carisolv, or reported on the usage of DIAGNOdent as a diagnostic tool particularly for advanced caries in in vitro experiments.

Materials And Methods: Sixty extracted human teeth diagnosed as advanced caries were divided into three groups based on the treatment received, namely air turbine, Carisolv, and Er,Cr:YSGG laser groups.