Duration-dependence of the effect of treadmill exercise on hyperactivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder rats.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder, and its symptoms are hyperactivity and deficits in learning and memory. Physical exercise increases dopamine synthesis and neuronal activity in various brain regions. In the present study, we investigate the duration-dependence of the treadmill exercise on hyperactivity in relation with dopamine expression in ADHD.

The Relationship between Empathy and Medical Education System, Grades, and Personality in Medical College Students and Medical School Students.

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between empathy and medical education system, grades, and personality in medical college (MC) students and medical school (MS) students.

Methods: One hundred fifty-five MC students and 137 MS students participated in this study, completing questionnaires on sociodemographic data, Jefferson Scale of Empathy, S-version, Korean edition (JSE-S-K), and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI).

Results: Reward Dependence (RD), Cooperativeness (C), and Self-directedness+ Cooperativeness (SC), which are subscales of the TCI, correlated significantly with JSE-S-K score.

Thyroid transcription factor-1 facilitates cerebrospinal fluid formation by regulating aquaporin-1 synthesis in the brain.

In the brain, aquaporin-1 (AQP-1), a water channel for high osmotic water permeability, is mainly expressed in the apical membrane of the ventricular choroid plexus and regulates formation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Although the physiology of AQP-1 has been the subject of several publications, much less is known about the trans-acting factors involved in the control of AQP-1 gene expression. Here we report that TTF-1, a homeodomain-containing transcriptional regulator, is coexpressed with AQP-1 in the rat brain choroid plexus and enhances AQP-1 gene transcription by binding to conserved core TTF-1-binding motifs in the 5'-flanking region of the AQP-1 gene.