Human visual consciousness involves large scale cortical and subcortical networks independent of task report and eye movement activity.

The full neural circuits of conscious perception remain unknown. Using a visual perception task, we directly recorded a subcortical thalamic awareness potential (TAP). We also developed a unique paradigm to classify perceived versus not perceived stimuli using eye measurements to remove confounding signals related to reporting on conscious experiences.

Advantages, Factors, Obstacles, Potential Solutions, and Recent Advances of Fish Germ Cell Transplantation for Aquaculture-A Practical Review.

Germ cell transplantation technology enables surrogate offspring production in fish. This technology has been expected to mitigate reproductive barriers, such as long generation time, limited fecundity, and complex broodstock management, enhancing seed production and productivity in aquaculture. Many studies of germ cell transplantation in various fish species have been reported over a few decades.

The pulse: transient fMRI signal increases in subcortical arousal systems during transitions in attention.

Studies of attention emphasize cortical circuits for salience monitoring and top-down control. However, subcortical arousal systems have a major influence on dynamic cortical state. We hypothesize that task-related increases in attention begin with a "pulse" in subcortical arousal and cortical attention networks, which are reflected indirectly through transient fMRI signals.

Enhanced Enrichment of Medaka Ovarian Germline Stem Cells by a Combination of Density Gradient Centrifugation and Differential Plating.

Fish ovarian germline stem cells (OGSCs) have great potential in various biological fields due to their ability to generate large numbers of mature eggs. Therefore, selective enrichment of OGSCs is a prerequisite for successful applications. To determine the optimal conditions for the enrichment of OGSCs from Japanese medaka (), we evaluated the effects of Percoll density gradient centrifugation (PDGC), differential plating (DP), and a combination of both methods.

Realistic driving simulation during generalized epileptiform discharges to identify electroencephalographic features related to motor vehicle safety: Feasibility and pilot study.

Objective: Generalized epileptiform discharges (GEDs) can occur during seizures or without obvious clinical accompaniment. Motor vehicle driving risk during apparently subclinical GEDs is uncertain. Our goals were to develop a feasible, realistic test to evaluate driving safety during GEDs, and to begin evaluating electroencephalographic (EEG) features in relation to driving safety.

Default mode and visual network activity in an attention task: Direct measurement with intracranial EEG.

Dynamic attention states are necessary to navigate the ever changing task demands of daily life. Previous investigations commonly utilize a block paradigm to study sustained and transient changes in attention networks. fMRI investigations have shown that sustained attention in visual block design attention tasks corresponds to decreased signal in the default mode and visual processing networks.

Enhanced Adhesion of Fish Ovarian Germline Stem Cells on Solid Surfaces by Mussel-Inspired Polymer Coating.

Development of advanced cell culture methods has gained increasing attention because it allows for efficient genetic engineering and precise regulation of animal reproduction on a cellular basis. Numerous studies have attempted to develop an advanced cell culture method. Previous studies have altered cell culture media and pretreated culture plates with functional molecules.

Driving status of patients with generalized spike-wave on EEG but no clinical seizures.

Generalized spike-wave discharges (SWDs) are the hallmark of generalized epilepsy on the electroencephalogram (EEG). In clinically obvious cases, generalized SWDs produce myoclonic, atonic/tonic, or absence seizures with brief episodes of staring and behavioral unresponsiveness. However, some generalized SWDs have no obvious behavioral effects.

Mechanisms of decreased cholinergic arousal in focal seizures: In vivo whole-cell recordings from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.

Focal limbic seizures often impair consciousness/awareness with major negative impact on quality of life. Recent work has shown that limbic seizures depress brainstem arousal systems, including reduced action potential firing in a key node: cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT). In vivo whole-cell recordings have not previously been achieved in PPT, but are used here with the goal of elucidating the mechanisms of reduced PPT cholinergic neuronal activity.

Non-lethal method for the preparation of metaphase spreads using cultured mantle tissue from live adult abalone.

Metaphase spread preparation in adult abalone has not been successful, which has restricted the applications of karyotyping-based technologies. Here, we present a non-lethal method to enable preparation of metaphase spreads from live adult abalone using a tissue culture method. Mantle tissue fragments from live adult abalone were cultured in vitro and the cultured cells were used for metaphase spread preparation.

Impaired consciousness in patients with absence seizures investigated by functional MRI, EEG, and behavioural measures: a cross-sectional study.

Background: The neural underpinnings of impaired consciousness and of the variable severity of behavioural deficits from one absence seizure to the next are not well understood. We aimed to measure functional MRI (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) changes in absence seizures with impaired task performance compared with seizures in which performance was spared.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study done at the Yale School of Medicine, CT, USA, we recruited patients from 59 paediatric neurology practices in the USA.

Identification of embryonic stem cell activities in an embryonic cell line derived from marine medaka (Oryzias dancena).

This study was conducted to identify embryonic stem cell (ESC) activities of a long-term cultured embryonic cell line previously derived from blastula-stage Oryzias dancena embryos. Five sub-cell lines were established from the embryonic cell line via clonal expansion of single cells. ESC activities, including clonogenicity, alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, and differentiation capacity, were examined in the five sub-cell lines.

Optimizing cultivation strategies for robust algal growth and consequent removal of inorganic nutrients in pretreated livestock effluent.

Dilution was employed as a pretreatment strategy to increase light transmittance and decrease ammonia toxicity in piggery effluent prior to the cultivation of microalgae. The dilution effect was quantitatively determined based on both the maximum specific nutrient consumption rate and the maximum growth coefficient to minimize the usage of diluent. The biomass productivity of microalgae was also evaluated to select the best species among the five different candidates examined.