Development and authentication of cv. Sunhong with high yield and multiple tolerance to heat damage, rusty roots and lodging.

Unlabelled: Ginseng () has been used as a valuable medicinal plant in Asia, and the demand for ginseng production for health functional food is increasing worldwide after the COVID-19 crisis. Although a number of cultivars have been developed to increase ginseng production, none of them were widely cultivated in Korea because they could not resist various environmental stresses while being grown in one place for at least 4 years. To address this, Sunhong was developed as a ginseng cultivar with high yield and multiple stress tolerance by pure line selection.

Phenological growth stages of Korean ginseng () according to the extended BBCH scale.

Background: Phenological studies are a prerequisite for accomplishing higher productivity and better crop quality in cultivated plants. However, there are no phenological studies on that improve its production yield. This study aims to redefine the phenological growth stages of based on the existing Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale and proposes a disease control reference.

Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng extract inhibits blood-brain barrier disruption in an animal model of multiple sclerosis by modulating expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are primarily characterized as dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Ginsenoside-Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng extract (Rg3-KRGE) is known to exert neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects on neurological disorders. However, effects of Rg3-KRGE in EAE remain unclear.

Korean Red Ginseng alleviates dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats via its antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Background: Beneficial effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) remains unclear.

Methods: We examined whether pretreatment (daily from 2 hours before PCOS induction) with KRG extract in water (KRGE; 75 and 150 mg/kg/day, p.o.

Genome and evolution of the shade-requiring medicinal herb Panax ginseng.

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, reputed as the king of medicinal herbs, has slow growth, long generation time, low seed production and complicated genome structure that hamper its study.

Comparative analysis of the transcriptomes and primary metabolite profiles of adventitious roots of five cultivars.

Background: Various cultivars exhibit a range of diversity for morphological and physiological traits. However, there are few studies on diversity of metabolic profiles and genetic background to understand the complex metabolic pathway in ginseng.

Methods: To understand the complex metabolic pathway and related genes in ginseng, we tried to conduct integrated analysis of primary metabolite profiles and related gene expression using five ginseng cultivars showing different morphology.

Characteristics of Korean ginseng varieties of Gumpoong, Sunun, Sunpoong, Sunone, Cheongsun, and Sunhyang.

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is an important medicinal herbs in Asia. However, ginseng varieties are less developed.

Method: To developed ginseng varieties, a pure line selection method was applied in this study.

Morphological Characteristics of Ginseng Leaves in High-Temperature Injury Resistant and Susceptible Lines of Panax ginseng Meyer.

Plant leaf cuticle is related to the prevention of moisture loss, transpiration, and diffusion of light reflection. The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological characteristics of ginseng leaves in ginseng plants resistant and susceptible to high temperature injury (HTI) to be related with the leaf-burning. For the HTI resistant lines Yunpoong, high-temperature injury resistance (HTIR) 1, HTIR 2, and HTIR 3, and the HTI-susceptible line Chunpoong, the cuticle densities were 53.

A simple and rapid technique for the authentication of the ginseng cultivar, Yunpoong, using an SNP marker in a large sample of ginseng leaves.

Yunpoong is an important Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivar, but no molecular marker has been available to identify Yunpoong from other cultivars.

Effects of red ginseng extract on the epididymal sperm motility of mice exposed to ethanol.

The protective effects of red ginseng extract and ginseng wine against ethanol-induced male reproductive toxicity were evaluated in male mice using computer-assisted sperm analysis. Mice were divided into 4 groups of 10 and fed plain saline, 6 g/kg per d of ethanol in saline, red ginseng extract plus ethanol, or a fermented preparation of red ginseng extract daily for 5 weeks. We found that the average seminal vesicle weight was significantly lower in the ethanol-treated group compared to the control group, while those of the ginseng-treated groups tended to be higher than the ethanol-treated group.

Transcriptome profiling and insilico analysis of Gynostemma pentaphyllum using a next generation sequencer.

Gynosaponins (Gypenosides) are major phyto-chemicals in Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.), with similarities to the ginsenosides present in Panax ginseng. Gynosaponins are classified as terpenoid compounds.

In silico gene expression analysis in Codonopsis lanceolata root.

Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) provide valuable tools that can be used to predict the genes involved in primary and secondary metabolite synthesis. To the best of our knowledge, ESTs have not yet been developed for Codonopsis. lanceolata, and therefore, the EST referenced in this report is the first transcript for C.

Lactobacillus koreensis sp. nov., isolated from the traditional Korean food kimchi.

A lactic acid bacterium, strain DCY50(T), isolated from the traditional Korean food kimchi, was studied to determine its taxonomic position. The strain was Gram-stain-positive, catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped and motile. The genomic DNA G+C content was 49 mol% and the peptidoglycan structure was of the A4α (l-Lys-d-Asp) type.

Identification and characterization of class I chitinase in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer.

The role of plant chitinases in protecting plants against a variety of fungal pathogens is well established. In the present study, a cDNA clone containing a class I chitinase (Chi-1) gene, designated as PgChi-1, has been isolated from the oriental medicinal plant Panax ginseng. PgChi-1 is predicted to encode a protein of 34.

Development of molecular markers for the determination of the new cultivar 'Chunpoong' in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer associated with a major latex-like protein gene.

Chunpoong is one of the most valuable cultivars of Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER, and is widely grown in Korea and China.

Isolation and characterization of a Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) gene and their differential expression in response to abiotic stresses from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer.

Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). A full-length cDNA encoding GAD (designated as PgGAD) was isolated and characterized from the root of Panax ginseng C. A.

Generation and gene ontology based analysis of expressed sequence tags (EST) from a Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer roots.

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is a perennial herb from the Araliaceae family.

Authentication of the oriental medicinal plant Ligusticum tenuissimum (Nakai) Kitagawa (Korean Go-Bon) by multiplex PCR.

The oriental medicinal plant Ligusticum tenuissimum (Korean name, Go-Bon) is widely used in Korea and China. L. tenuissimum (Go-Bon) has been employed in the treatment of headache and common cold, and as a fever remedy.

Isolation and characterization of a novel short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase gene from Panax ginseng.

The cDNA of alcohol dehydrogenase (PgADH) was isolated and characterized from the leaf of Panax ginseng. The cDNA had an open reading frame of 801 bp and a deduced amino acid sequence of 266 residues. The calculated molecular mass of the mature protein is approximately 29 kDa with a predicated isoelectric point of 6.

Regulation of ginsenoside and phytosterol biosynthesis by RNA interferences of squalene epoxidase gene in Panax ginseng.

Squalene epoxidase catalyzes the first oxygenation step in phytosterol and triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis and is suggested to represent one of the rate-limiting enzymes in this pathway. Here, we investigated the roles of two squalene epoxidase genes (PgSQE1 and PgSQE2) in triterpene and phytosterol biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. PgSQE1 and PgSQE2 encoded deduced proteins of 537 and 545 amino acids, respectively.

Microbacterium soli sp. nov., an alpha-glucosidase-producing bacterium isolated from soil of a ginseng field.

Five Gram-type-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile strains of Microbacterium (DCY 17(T), Ms1, Ms2, Ms3 and Ms4) were isolated from soil from a ginseng field in Daejeon, South Korea. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, these strains were shown to be related to Microbacterium esteraromaticum DSM 8609(T) (96.1 %), M.

Isolation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase gene from Panax ginseng C.A. meyer and analysis of its response to abiotic stresses.

A cDNA clone containing a S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS) gene, named as PgSAM, was isolated from a commercial medicinal plant Panax ginseng. PgSAM is predicted to encode a precursor protein of 307 amino acid residues, and its sequence shares high homology with a number of other plant SAMS. PgSAM is expressed at different levels in various organs of ginseng.

Isolation of a novel dehydrin gene from Codonopsis lanceolata and analysis of its response to abiotic stresses.

Dehydrins (DHNs) compose a family of intrinsically unstructured proteins that have high water solubility and accumulate during late seed development at low temperature or in water-deficit conditions. They are believed to play a protective role in freezing and drought-tolerance in plants. A full-length cDNA encoding DHN (designated as ClDhn) was isolated from an oriental medicinal plant Codonopsis lanceolata, which has been used widely in Asia for its anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties.

Thermomonas koreensis sp. nov., a mesophilic bacterium isolated from a ginseng field.

A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, motile bacterium, strain Ko06(T), was isolated from soil from a ginseng field in South Korea and was characterized in order to determine its taxonomic position. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain Ko06(T) belongs to the Gammaproteobacteria, and the highest levels of sequence similarity were with Thermomonas brevis LMG 21746(T) (98.4 %), Thermomonas fusca LMG 21737(T) (97.

Comparative analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of ginseng leaf.

The expressed sequence tags (ESTs) referenced in this report are the first transcriptomes in a leaf from a half-shade ginseng plant. A cDNA library was constructed from samples of the leaves of 4-year-old Panax ginseng plants, which were cultured in a field. The 2,896 P.