Single-port surgery and NOTES: from transanal endoscopic microsurgery and transvaginal laparoscopic cholecystectomy to transanal rectosigmoid resection.

Two different ways have been developed to perform endoscopic surgery. The standard way is multiport laparoscopic surgery. When entering through a natural orifice, we use single-port surgery for transanal work (transanal endoscopic microsurgery).