A perspective into the relationships between amphibian () myeloid cell subsets.

Macrophage (M)-lineage cells are integral to the immune defences of all vertebrates, including amphibians. Across vertebrates, M differentiation and functionality depend on activation of the colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) receptor by CSF1 and interluekin-34 (IL34) cytokines. Our findings to date indicate that amphibian () Ms differentiated with CSF1 and IL34 are morphologically, transcriptionally and functionally distinct.