Association Between Diabetes Mellitus-Tuberculosis and the Generation of Drug Resistance.

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by (), remains one of the leading infectious causes of death globally, with drug resistance presenting a significant challenge to control efforts. The interplay between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and TB introduces additional complexity, as T2DM triples the risk of active TB and exacerbates drug resistance development. This review explores how T2DM-induced metabolic and immune dysregulation fosters the survival of , promoting persistence and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains.

Quinoxaline 1,4-di--oxide Derivatives as New Antinocardial Agents.

Mycetoma is currently considered as a neglected tropical disease. The incidence of mycetoma is unknown but most of the worldwide cases are present in the "mycetoma belt" including countries like Mexico, India, Senegal, and others. The treatment of mycetoma depends on the etiological agent responsible for the case.

C-Phycocyanin Prevents Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Lung Remodeling in an Ovalbumin-Induced Rat Asthma Model.

Asthma is a chronic immunological disease related to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation; both processes promote airway remodeling with collagen deposition and matrix thickening, causing pulmonary damage and lost function. This study investigates the immunomodulation of C-phycocyanin (CPC), a natural blue pigment purified from cyanobacteria, as a potential alternative treatment to prevent the remodeling process against asthma. We conducted experiments using ovalbumin (OVA) to induce asthma in Sprague Dawley rats.

Keratinocyte Response to Infection with .

Sporotrichosis is a subacute, or chronic mycosis caused by traumatic inoculation of material contaminated with the fungus which is part of the spp. complex. The infection is limited to the skin, although its progression to more severe systemic or disseminated forms remains possible.

and , Probiotics That Induce the Formation of Macrophage Extracellular Traps.

Probiotics are considered living microorganisms that help preserve the health of the host who uses them. are a genus of Gram-positive bacteria used as probiotics for animal and human consumption. They are currently distributed in various commercial forms.

[Nanoparticles as drug transporters: a promising tool against tuberculosis].

The World Health Organization (WHO) places Tuberculosis (TB) as one of the most important health problems today. According to the WHO, this disease requires novel actions to control its expansion and, in this way, achieve one of the goals established in the sustainable development goals: to reduce TB morbidity and incidence by 2030 and regain control. To achieve this goal, the tools currently used for diagnosis and treatment are no longer adequate.

Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in Cultured Cerebellar Bergmann Glia: Glutamate-Dependent Regulation.

Glutamate exerts its actions through the activation of membrane receptors expressed in neurons and glia cells. The signaling properties of glutamate transporters have been characterized recently, suggesting a complex array of signaling transactions triggered by presynaptic released glutamate. In the cerebellar molecular layer, glutamatergic synapses are surrounded by Bergmann glia cells, compulsory participants of glutamate turnover and supply to neurons.

Keratinocyte infection by Actinomadura madurae triggers an inflammatory response.

Background: Actinomycetoma is a syndrome of the skin characterized by chronic inflammation and lesions with nodular grain-like structures. The most common aetiological agents are Nocardia brasiliensis and Actinomadura madurae. In response to infection with these organisms the body produces an inflammatory immune response in the skin.

Anti- Activity of Esters of Quinoxaline 1,4-Di--Oxide.

Tuberculosis continues to be a public health problem in the world, and drug resistance has been a major obstacle in its treatment. Quinoxaline 1,4-di--oxide has been proposed as a scaffold to design new drugs to combat this disease. To examine the efficacy of this compound, this study evaluates methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and n-propyl esters of quinoxaline 1,4-di--oxide derivatives in vitro against (pansusceptible and monoresistant strains).

Catalase Inhibits the Formation of Mast Cell Extracellular Traps.

Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of human morbidity and mortality. (Mtb) employs different strategies to evade and counterattack immune responses persisting for years. Mast cells are crucial during innate immune responses and help clear infections inflammation or by direct antibacterial activity through extracellular traps (MCETs).

Antimycobacterial and hypolipemiant activities of Bidens odorata (Cavanilles).

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Bidens odorata Cavanilles is a medicinal and edible plant known as "mozote blanco, aceitilla, acahual, mozoquelite" which is traditionally used in Mexico as a diuretic, hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antitussive, to treat gastrointestinal disorders, kidney pain, and lung or respiratory diseases.

Aim Of The Study: This research study was aimed at phytochemical analysis of aerial extracts of B. odorata for antimycobacterial and lipid-lowering activities.

hexanic extract displays synergistic antibacterial activity against .

A phytochemical and antibacterial study of , a species endemic to Mexico, was performed allowing the isolation of six flavones. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the hexanic extract, against H37Rv was 25 μg/mL. The hexanic extract caused a significant inhibition of intracellular mycobacterial growth at 12.

Antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial, and anti-inflammatory evaluation of Cnidoscolus chayamansa (Mc Vaugh) extract and the isolated compounds.

Cnidoscolus chayamansa is a medicinal and edible plant known as Chaya, is commonly used as an anti-inflammatory, antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent and as a remedy for respiratory illness, gastrointestinal disorders, and vaginal infections related with the inflammation process. In this paper, we describe the plant's phytochemical analysis and biological activities (antimycobacterial, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and anti-inflammatory properties) of the CHCl:MeOH (1:1) leaves extract and isolated compounds, as well as the acute and sub-acute toxic effects. Chemical identification of isolated compounds was performed by H- and C NMR spectra data.

Aetiology and Significance of Hospital-Acquired Infections in Mexico.

Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are infections that develop in the hospital environment and can be acquired by a patient or hospital staff. They are complications that combine diverse risk factors that make an individual susceptible and are frequently caused by endogenous and exogenous bacterial agents. The most commonly studied etiological agents are bacteria and fungi, with the former representing the most common etiological agents reported to the Hospital Epidemiological Surveillance Network (RHOVE) between 2007 and 2012.

Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides in Human Monocytic Cells and Neutrophils in Response to Dengue Virus Type 2.

Background/aims: The innate immune response is remarkably important for controlling infections. Information about the participation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in response to dengue virus (DENV) is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the AMP response to DENV-2 in human THP-1 cells and neutrophils.

Candida glabrata survives and replicates in human osteoblasts.

Candida glabrata is an opportunistic pathogen that is considered the second most common cause of candidiasis after Candida albicans Many characteristics of its mechanisms of pathogenicity remain unknown. Recent studies have focused on determining the events that underlie interactions between C. glabrata and immune cells, but the relationship between this yeast and osteoblasts has not been studied in detail.

Influence of levamisole and Freund's adjuvant on mouse immunisation with antigens of adults of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758.

We have studied the influence of both levamisole (AL) and Freund's adjuvant (AF) on the immunisation of mice with the secretory antigens of adults of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758. Total IgG antibodies were detected in all groups where the F. hepatica antigen was administered, been levels of IgG1 increased respect to IgG2a antibodies.

Macrophage Activation by Ursolic and Oleanolic Acids during Mycobacterial Infection.

Oleanolic (OA) and ursolic acids (UA) are triterpenes that are abundant in vegetables, fruits and medicinal plants. They have been described as active moieties in medicinal plants used for the treatment of tuberculosis. In this study, we analyzed the effects of these triterpenes on macrophages infected in vitro with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).

The role of autophagy in bacterial infections.

Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process for the degradation of cytosolic components including damaged organelles, protein aggregates, and intracellular bacteria through a lysosome-dependent pathway. Autophagy can be induced in response to stress conditions. Furthermore, autophagy has been described as involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses, and several studies have shown that certain microorganisms can be eliminated by the autophagic route in a process known as xenophagy.

Mycobacteria entry and trafficking into endothelial cells.

Endothelial cells are susceptible to infection by mycobacteria, but the endocytic mechanisms that mycobacteria exploit to enter host cells and their mechanisms of intracellular transport are completely unknown. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we determined that the internalization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), Mycobacterium smegmatis (MSM), and Mycobacterium abscessus (MAB) is dependent on the cytoskeleton and is differentially inhibited by cytochalasin D, nocodazole, cycloheximide, wortmannin, and amiloride. Using confocal microscopy, we investigated their endosomal trafficking by analyzing Rab5, Rab7, LAMP-1, and cathepsin D.

Ursolic and oleanolic acids as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory compounds for tuberculosis treatment.

Background: New alternatives for the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB) are urgently needed and medicinal plants represent a potential option. Chamaedora tepejilote and Lantana hispida are medicinal plants from Mexico and their hexanic extracts have shown antimycobacterial activity. Bioguided investigation of these extracts showed that the active compounds were ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA).

Antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of Persea americana seeds.

Background: Persea americana seeds are widely used in traditional Mexican medicine to treat rheumatism, asthma, infectious processes as well as diarrhea and dysentery caused by intestinal parasites.

Methods: The chloroformic and ethanolic extracts of P. americana seeds were prepared by maceration and their amoebicidal, giardicidal and trichomonicidal activity was evaluated.

A population-based study of first and second-line drug-resistant tuberculosis in a high-burden area of the Mexico/United States border.

The resistance of 139 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from the city of Monterrey, Northeast Mexico, to first and second-line anti-TB drugs was analysed. A total of 73 isolates were susceptible and 66 were resistant to anti-TB drugs. Monoresistance to streptomycin, isoniazid (INH) and ethambutol was observed in 29 cases.

Defensin production by human limbo-corneal fibroblasts infected with mycobacteria.

Epithelial cells of the cornea and the conjunctiva constitutively produce antimicrobial peptides; however, the production of defensins by other cell types located around the eye has not been investigated. We analyzed the production of beta-defensins (hBD) and cathelicidin LL-37 during the infection of primary limbo-corneal fibroblasts with M. tuberculosis (MTB), M.