Efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Management of Pain Associated With Hysteroscopy: A Systematic Review.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) therapy is a simple, non-pharmacologic, and non-invasive analgesic intervention that involves the application of electric currents over an area of pain to stimulate underlying nerves. The methodology behind TENS is based on theories of pain perception and processing such as the gate control theory, descending inhibition, and release of endogenous opioids. TENS has also been shown to play a role in the management of pain for gynecologic procedures such as hysteroscopy.

Spigelian Hernia: A Rare Ventral Hernia.

Ventral hernias occur when abdominal contents or the peritoneum displace through a defect in the abdominal wall. Among these, spigelian hernias are an exceptionally rare subtype, representing 0.12% to 2% of all ventral hernias.

Successful Reversal of Late, Severe Thrombotic Bioprosthetic Mitral Valve Stenosis With Anticoagulation Therapy.

Late bioprosthetic valve thrombosis (bPVT) is a rare and potentially life-threatening complication following valve replacement with thrombus formation leading mostly to valvular stenosis or embolic phenomena. Clinically, it manifests as symptoms of fatigue, dyspnea, or reduced exercise capacity. The existing treatment guidelines lack clear recommendations for managing this specific presentation.