The reliability of a ball-tipped probe for detection of breached versus non-breached pedicle drill tracts in the thoracolumbar and lumbar spine of a canine large breed cadaveric model.

Background: Spinal stabilization in dogs is challenging, and improper implant placement can result in significant morbidity. Objectives were to evaluate reliability of a ball-tipped probe for detection of breached versus non-breached pedicle drill tracts in a canine large breed cadaveric model. CT scans obtained from T6 to sacrum.

Case report: One-stage craniectomy and cranioplasty digital workflow for three-dimensional printed polyetheretherketone implant for an extensive skull multilobular osteochondosarcoma in a dog.

Objective: To report a digital workflow for use and long-term outcome of cranioplasty with a 3D-printed patient-specific Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implant in a 12-y-old German Shepherd dog after surgical removal of an extensive occipital bone multilobular osteochondrosarcoma (MLO).

Study Design: Retrospective case report.

Animal: A 12-year-old neutered female German Shepherd dog was presented with facial deformity, blindness, tetraparesis, and ataxia.

Canine RNF170 Single Base Deletion in a Naturally Occurring Model for Human Neuroaxonal Dystrophy.

Background: Neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) is a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized primarily by the presence of spheroids (swollen axons) throughout the central nervous system. In humans, NAD is heterogeneous, both clinically and genetically. NAD has also been described to naturally occur in large animal models, such as dogs.

Spinal Neuronavigation for Lumbar Plate Fixation in Miniature Breed Dogs.

Objective:  The main aim of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of spinal neuronavigation for plate fixation of lumbar vertebrae in miniature breed dogs using a surgical navigation system in combination with a custom-made reference array.

Study Design:  This was an experimental cadaveric study in five miniature breed dogs.

Methods:  A 4-hole locking plate with four 2.

Feasibility and accuracy of intraosseous endoscopy for inspection of thoracolumbar and lumbar pedicle drill tracts in a canine large-breed cadaveric model.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of endoscopic inspection of thoracolumbar and lumbar pedicle tracts in a canine large-breed model and its accuracy for the detection of breached versus nonbreached tracts.

Animals: 2 greyhound cadavers.

Methods: CT scans of 2 greyhound cadavers from the sixth thoracic vertebra to the sacrum were obtained.

A transmandibular lateral transsphenoidal navigated surgical approach to access a pituitary macroadenoma in a warmblood mare.

A 16-year-old warmblood mare was referred with a progressive history of behavioral changes and left-sided blindness. Following neuroanatomical localization to the forebrain, magnetic resonance imaging of the head revealed a well-delineated, 4.5 cm in diameter, round pituitary mass causing marked compression of the midbrain and optic chiasm.

Comparison of three-dimensional printed patient-specific guides versus freehand approach for radial osteotomies in normal dogs: Ex vivo model.

Objective: To compare the accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) printed patient-specific guide (PSG) with a freehand (FH) approach for radial osteotomies in ex vivo normal dogs.

Study Design: Experimental study.

Animals: Twenty four ex vivo thoracic limb pairs from normal beagle dogs.

Accuracy of pin placement in the canine thoracolumbar spine using a free-hand probing technique versus 3D-printed patient-specific drill guides: An ex-vivo study.

Objective: To compare pin placement accuracy, intraoperative technique deviations, and duration of pin placement for pins placed by free-hand probing (FHP) or 3D-printed drill guide (3DPG) technique.

Sample Population: Four greyhound cadavers.

Methods: Computed tomography (CT) examinations from T6-sacrum were obtained for determination of optimal pin placement and 3DPG creation.

Craniectomies for Dogs With Skull Multilobular Osteochondrosarcoma Using the Misonix Bone Scalpel: Cadaveric Evaluation and Retrospective Case Series.

To evaluate the Misonix bone scalpel (MBS) for craniotomies in dogs and describe clinical findings and surgical experience in 3 dogs with large multilobular osteochondrosarcoma (MLO) of the skull. Cadaver evaluation and retrospective case series. One canine cadaver; 3 client-owned dogs.

A novel missense variant in the L2HGDH gene in a cat with L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria and multicystic cerebral lesions.

Case Description: A 9-month-old intact male domestic shorthair cat was evaluated for increasing frequency of generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

Clinical Findings: The cat was reported to have had episodes of circling between the seizures. Upon examination, the cat had bilateral inconsistent menace response but otherwise normal physical and neurological examinations.

SCN9A variant in a family of mixed breed dogs with congenital insensitivity to pain.

Background: Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) are a rare group of genetic disorders causing inability to feel pain. Three different associated variants have been identified in dogs: 1 in Border Collies, 1 in mixed breed dogs, and 1 in Spaniels and Pointers.

Objectives: To clinically and genetically characterize CIP in a family of mixed breed dogs.

Otitis media and interna with or without polyps in cats: association between meningeal enhancement on postcontrast MRI, cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities, and clinician treatment choice and outcome.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between meningeal enhancement (MgE) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis results, their individual association with bacteriology results from affected ear samples and whether these test results influenced clinicians' therapeutic choice in cats with otitis media and interna (OMI).

Methods: This was a multicentre retrospective study carried out over an 8-year period. Cats diagnosed with OMI, with or without a nasopharyngeal polyp, leading to peripheral vestibular signs were included.

Perception of challenges in management of neurological cases in the emergency room.

Objective: To investigate emergency clinicians' comfort level in assessing neurological emergencies and to identify opportunities to foster enhanced training of clinical neurology in the emergency room.

Design: Internet-based survey.

Setting: University teaching hospitals and private referral centers.

Accuracy and Safety of Neuronavigation for Minimally Invasive Stabilization in the Thoracolumbar Spine Using Polyaxial Screws-Rod: A Canine Cadaveric Proof of Concept.

Objectives:  The main aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of minimally invasive stabilization with polyaxial screws-rod using neuronavigation and to assess accuracy and safety of percutaneous drilling of screw corridors using neuronavigation in thoracolumbar spine and compare it between an experienced and a novice surgeon.

Study Design:  Feasibility of minimally invasive polyaxial screws-rod fixation using neuronavigation was first performed in the thoracolumbar spine of two dogs. Accuracy and safety of drilling screw corridors percutaneously by two surgeons from T8 to L7 in a large breed dog using neuronavigation were established by comparing entry and exit points coordinates deviations on multiplanar reconstructions between preoperative and postoperative datasets and using a vertebral cortical breach grading scheme.

Clinical signs, MRI findings and long-term outcomes of foraminal and far lateral thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations in dogs.

Background: As they have been seldomly described in the veterinary literature, the aims of this retrospective study were to describe the clinical presentation, MRI findings and long-term outcome after medical or surgical treatment of dogs presenting with foraminal and far lateral thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations.

Methods: Retrospective multicentre study of dogs diagnosed with foraminal and far lateral thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations between 2009 and 2020 in seven referral hospitals.

Results: Thirty-seven dogs were included.

Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of lymphoma involving the nervous system in cats.

Background: Lymphoma is the most common spinal cord neoplasm and second most common intracranial tumor in cats, but description of specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features is lacking.

Objective: Describe the clinical and MRI features of lymphoma affecting the central (CNS) or peripheral (PNS) nervous system or both in cats.

Animals: Thirty-one cats with confirmed cytological or histopathological diagnosis or both of lymphoma involving the CNS or PNS or both, and MRI findings of the lesions.

Accuracy and Safety of Image-Guided Freehand Pin Placement in Canine Cadaveric Vertebrae.

Objective:  The aim of this study was to validate an imaging technique for evaluation of spinal surgery accuracy and to establish accuracy and safety of freehand technique in the thoracolumbar spine of large breed dogs.

Study Design:  After thoracolumbar spine computed tomography (CT), 26 drilling corridors were planned then drilled to receive 3.2 mm positive profile pins using a freehand technique.

Missense Variant in a Cat with L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria.

A 7-month-old, spayed female, domestic longhair cat with L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA) was investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical signs, metabolic changes and underlying genetic defect. The owner of the cat reported a 4-month history of multiple paroxysmal seizure-like episodes, characterized by running around the house, often in circles, with abnormal behavior, bumping into obstacles, salivating and often urinating.

Neurologic examination of healthy adult African pygmy hedgehogs ().

Objective: To describe a modified approach to neurologic examination of African pygmy hedgehogs ().

Animals: 12 adult hedgehogs (7 males and 5 females).

Procedures: Aspects of the standard neurologic examination of dogs and cats were evaluated for use with awake hedgehogs, and modified approaches to evaluating their normal behavior and mentation, select cranial nerves and refexes, and gait were then identified.

Accuracy of three-dimensionally printed animal-specific drill guides for implant placement in canine thoracic vertebrae: A cadaveric study.

Objective: To assess the accuracy of three-dimensionally (3-D) printed drill guides in constraining the trajectory of drill tracts for implants in canine thoracic vertebrae.

Study Design: Experimental ex vivo study.

Sample Population: Five canine thoracic vertebral column specimens.

Accuracy and safety of three-dimensionally printed animal-specific drill guides for thoracolumbar vertebral column instrumentation in dogs: Bilateral and unilateral designs.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and accuracy of a unilateral three-dimensionally printed animal-specific drill guide (3DASDG) design for unilateral stabilization in the thoracolumbar vertebral column of dogs compared to a bilateral design.

Study Design: Cadaveric study.

Sample Population: Fifty-two corridors in one canine cadaver.

The Evolution of Educational Technology in Veterinary Anatomy Education.

"All learning is in the learner, not the teacher." Plato was right. The adage has passed the test of time and is still true in an era where technology accompanies us in not only professional but also recreational life every day, everywhere.