Fifteen-minute consultation: Bruising in the premobile child.

A bruise in a premobile infant is an uncommon finding and often results in referral to the paediatric or emergency departments, acknowledging the potential for physical abuse in this vulnerable cohort. Our role as clinicians is to undertake a thorough assessment, consider potential differentials and organise appropriate investigations, with involvement of the wider multidisciplinary team. In this article, we use a case vignette to discuss how one would approach a bruise in the premobile infant including the evidence base.

Fifteen-minute consultation: Apparent vaginal bleeding in the pre-pubertal girl.

A parent or carer's observation of blood in a child's nappy or underwear can be quite alarming for both parent and child and may indicate vaginal bleeding. At first glance, it may be difficult to ascertain whether the bleeding is from the skin, genital tract, urinary tract or anus. Confirmed vaginal bleeding in a pre-pubertal girl is rare but always abnormal and requires comprehensive assessment to determine the cause.

Epidemiology of adolescent trauma in England: a review of TARN data 2008-2017.

Objectives: Trauma contributes significantly to adolescent morbidity and mortality. We aimed to ascertain the epidemiology of adolescent trauma to inform prevention strategies.

Methods: Data were abstracted from TARN (Trauma Audit Research Network) from English sites over a 10-year period (2008-2017).

Aplasia Cutis Congenita with Ischemic Cortical Change and Normal Array Cytogenetic Analysis with a Fetus Papyraceus Twin.

Background: Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) is a heterogeneous condition that can be associated with fetus papyraceus. Few reports exist documenting genetic investigations in ACC or determining the etiology and recurrence risks.

Objective: We present a Frieden group 5 ACC with fetus papyraceus along with molecular studies.

Relating oxygen partial pressure, saturation and content: the haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve.

The delivery of oxygen by arterial blood to the tissues of the body has a number of critical determinants including blood oxygen concentration (content), saturation (S O2 ) and partial pressure, haemoglobin concentration and cardiac output, including its distribution. The haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve, a graphical representation of the relationship between oxygen satur-ation and oxygen partial pressure helps us to understand some of the principles underpinning this process. Historically this curve was derived from very limited data based on blood samples from small numbers of healthy subjects which were manipulated in vitro and ultimately determined by equations such as those described by Severinghaus in 1979.