Sweet Emotion: The Role of Odor-induced Context in the Search Advantage for Happy Facial Expressions.

The current study investigated the extent to which the concurrent presentation of pleasant and unpleasant odors could modulate the perceptual saliency of happy facial expressions in an emotional visual search task. Whilst a search advantage for happy faces was found in the no odor and unpleasant odor conditions, it was abolished under the pleasant odor condition. Furthermore, phasic properties of visual search performance revealed the malleable nature of this happiness advantage.

Antisense suppression of the small chloroplast protein CP12 in tobacco: a transcriptional viewpoint.

The chloroplast protein CP12 forms a multi-enzyme complex with the Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes phosphoribulokinase (PRK) and NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). PRK and GAPDH are inactivated when present in this complex, a process shown in vitro to be dependent upon oxidized CP12. Recently we reported on the importance of CP12 in vivo to higher plant metabolism using antisense suppression of CP12 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum).

Antisense suppression of the small chloroplast protein CP12 in tobacco alters carbon partitioning and severely restricts growth.

The thioredoxin-regulated chloroplast protein CP12 forms a multienzyme complex with the Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes phosphoribulokinase (PRK) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). PRK and GAPDH are inactivated when present in this complex, a process shown in vitro to be dependent upon oxidized CP12. The importance of CP12 in vivo in higher plants, however, has not been investigated.

Inter-species variation in the oligomeric states of the higher plant Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoribulokinase.

In darkened leaves the Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and phosphoribulokinase (PRK) form a regulatory multi-enzyme complex with the small chloroplast protein CP12. GAPDH also forms a high molecular weight regulatory mono-enzyme complex. Given that there are different reports as to the number and subunit composition of these complexes and that enzyme regulatory mechanisms are known to vary between species, it was reasoned that protein-protein interactions may also vary between species.

Combination atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ion source.

The atmospheric solids probe analysis (ASAP) probe was investigated as a means for conducting desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) using a commercially available ion source. Solid and liquid samples as well as a raw urine sample were placed on individual melting point tubes and were inserted into either a heated gas stream for ASAP analysis or a charged solvent spray for DESI-like experiments. Samples ranged in polarity, volatility, mass, (100-17,000 Da), and concentration (neat to submicromolar).

Fragmentation mechanisms of oxidized peptides elucidated by SID, RRKM modeling, and molecular dynamics.

The gas-phase fragmentation reactions of singly charged angiotensin II (AngII, DR(+)VYIHPF) and the ozonolysis products AngII+O (DR(+)VY*IHPF), AngII+3O (DR(+)VYIH*PF), and AngII+4O (DR(+)VY*IH*PF) were studied using SID FT-ICR mass spectrometry, RRKM modeling, and molecular dynamics. Oxidation of Tyr (AngII+O) leads to a low-energy charge-remote selective fragmentation channel resulting in the b(4)+O fragment ion. Modification of His (AngII+3O and AngII+4O) leads to a series of new selective dissociation channels.

Reactive uptake of trimethylamine into ammonium nitrate particles.

The reaction of trimethylamine (TMA) vapor with a polydisperse distribution of ammonium nitrate particles (20-500 nm dia.) was studied in a flow tube reactor with particle analysis by laser desorption (1064 nm) 70 eV electron ionization (EI) in an ion trap time-of-flight (IT-TOF) aerosol mass spectrometer. When the TMA vapor concentration was very high, essentially complete exchange of TMA for ammonia in the particles was achieved.

Thioredoxin-mediated reversible dissociation of a stromal multiprotein complex in response to changes in light availability.

A Calvin cycle multiprotein complex including phosphoribulokinase (PRK), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and a small protein, CP12, has previously been identified. In this article, we have studied this complex in leaves and have shown that dissociation and reassociation of the PRK/GAPDH/CP12 complex occurs in a time frame of minutes, allowing for rapid regulation of enzyme activity. Furthermore, we have shown that the extent of formation and dissociation of the PRK/GAPDH/CP12 complex correlates with the quantity of light.

Selective detection of gas-phase TNT by integrated optical waveguide spectrometry using molecularly imprinted sol-gel sensing films.

A chemical sensor was developed to detect the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) utilizing planar integrated optical waveguide (IOW) attenuated total reflection spectrometry. Submicron thick films of organically modified sol-gel polymers were deposited on the waveguide surface as the sensing layer. Sol-gels were molecularly imprinted for TNT using covalently bound template molecules linked to the matrix through 1 or 2 carbamate linkages.

Peptide ozonolysis: product structures and relative reactivities for oxidation of tyrosine and histidine residues.

Angiotensin II (DRVYIHPF) and two analogs, (DRVYIAPA and DRVAIHPA), were used as model systems to study the ozonolysis of peptides containing tyrosine and histidine residues. The ESI mass spectrum of angiotensin II following exposure to ozone showed the formation of adducts containing one, three, and four oxygen atoms. CID and SID spectra of these adducts were consistent with formation of Tyr + O and His + 3O as expected from previous work with amino acids.

Sensor for fluorene based on the incorporation of an environmentally sensitive fluorophore proximal to a molecularly imprinted binding site.

A fluorescence-based chemical sensor for fluorene was created by molecularly imprinting a sol-gel comprising the bridged silsesquioxane, bis(trimethoxysilylethyl)benzene. The template was covalently bound to the sol-gel matrix using a fluorene analogue functionalized silane. After chemical removal of template via cleavage of a carbamate linkage, an amine group was left that provided an attachment site for the environmentally sensitive fluorescent probe 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD).

With war in mind: a dialogical analysis of the mindset underlying Blair's case for war with Iraq in 2003.

Dialogical Analysis, a tool from Cognitive Analytic Therapy, is used to discover how the mindset of war silences dialogue. The savage costs of war were hidden whilst the United Kingdom government expected to attract the admiration of a grateful world. This article looks at an example of this mindset expressed through Tony Blair MP's speech to the House of Commons on 18 March 2003.

Oligonucleotide arrays: information from replication and spatial structure.

Motivation: The introduction of oligonucleotide DNA arrays has resulted in much debate concerning appropriate models for the measurement of gene expression. By contrast, little account has been taken of the possibility of identifying the physical imperfections in the raw data.

Results: This paper demonstrates that, with the use of replicates and an awareness of the spatial structure, deficiencies in the data can be identified, the possibility of their correction can be ascertained and correction can be effected (by use of local scaling) where possible.

Increased sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase activity in transgenic tobacco plants stimulates photosynthesis and growth from an early stage in development.

Activity of the Calvin cycle enzyme sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) was increased by overexpression of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cDNA in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. In plants with increased SBPase activity, photosynthetic rates were increased, higher levels of Suc and starch accumulated during the photoperiod, and an increase in leaf area and biomass of up to 30% was also evident. Light saturated photosynthesis increased with increasing SBPase activity and analysis of CO2 response curves revealed that this increase in photosynthesis could be attributed to an increase in ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate regenerative capacity.

Responses of primary and secondary metabolism to sugar accumulation revealed by microarray expression analysis of the Arabidopsis mutant, pho3.

The Arabidopsis mutant pho3 accumulates sucrose and other carbohydrates to high levels, providing a means of investigating the genomic response to sucrose accumulation using microarray analysis. Wild-type and mutant plants were grown in soil to the mature rosette stage for the analysis of gene expression using the Affymetrix ATH1 chip, containing more than 22,500 probe sets. Small, but significant, decreases were observed in the expression of many genes encoding enzymes and regulatory proteins involved in primary carbon assimilation, suggesting that, in mature leaves of Arabidopsis, there is limited feedback regulation on gene expression by sugars.

Preferential extraction of hydrocarbons from fire debris samples by solid phase microextraction.

Headspace analysis by extraction/GC-MS is a common method of detecting volatile hydrocarbon accelerants in fire debris samples. Solid-phase microextraction was tested to determine if there is selective extraction of chemically distinct compounds. It was found that both the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Carboxen/PDMS solid phase microextraction fibers show preferential extraction of aliphatic or aromatic compounds from the headspace depending on fiber type and temperature.

The project nurse and pressure-relieving equipment.

This article describes the work of a project management nurse in improving accessibility and appropriate use of pressure-relieving equipment in an integrated (acute and community) trust. It examines key issues for future service development in the management and appropriate use of pressure-relieving equipment. The importance of education in maintaining the accuracy and process of recording pressure damage at ward level is also highlighted.