Assessing the impact of obesity interventions in the early years: a systematic review of UK-based studies.

Objectives: Childhood obesity rates in the UK are high. The early years of childhood are critical for establishing healthy behaviours and offer interventional opportunities. We aimed to identify studies evaluating the impact of UK-based obesity interventions in early childhood.

Infant feeding practices and risk of preschool obesity in AlAin, UAE: A cross-sectional study.

Early childhood obesity is serious public health problem, and poses a risk of obesity in later life. The study aimed to investigate whether infant feeding affects risk of overweight and obesity in preschool children in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A cross-sectional study was carried out.

Does human milk composition predict later risk of obesity? A systematic review.

Background: Possible mechanisms behind the association of breastfeeding with a lower risk of later obesity are unknown but one possibility is the unique composition of human milk. Here, we systematically reviewed the evidence linking breast-milk macronutrient and hormonal composition with later obesity.

Methods: We searched 7 databases for studies that included infants predominantly breast-fed for the first 3 months and which analysed associations between a measure of breast-milk composition and later (> 6 months) measures of obesity or body composition.

Weight Gain in Early Infancy Impacts Appetite Regulation in the First Year of Life. A Prospective Study of Infants Living in Cyprus.

Background: Eating behavior is associated with weight gain in infancy and childhood. Few studies found a bidirectional association between weight gain and eating behavior development in childhood, but there is little data on the association in early infancy, a period critical for the programming of obesity risk.

Objective: We investigated the bidirectional association between appetite traits and weight gain during the first year of life.

Complications and outcomes of gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding in paediatric allogeneic bone marrow transplant: A prospective cohort study.

Background & Aims: The intensive conditioning regimens administered during bone marrow transplant (BMT) frequently cause mucositis, gastrointestinal toxicity and reduced oral intake. Children are consequently at risk of malnutrition. First-line nutrition support is recommended as enteral nutrition (EN).

Quantity and Source of Protein during Complementary Feeding and Infant Growth: Evidence from a Population Facing Double Burden of Malnutrition.

Background: While high protein intake during infancy may increase obesity risk, low qualities and quantities of protein contribute to undernutrition. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the amount and source of protein on infant growth during complementary feeding (CF) in a country where under- and overnutrition co-exist as the so-called the double burden of malnutrition.

Methods: A multicenter, prospective cohort was conducted.

Research Priorities for Pediatric Intensive Care Nutrition Within the United Kingdom: A National Institute of Health Research James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership.

Objectives: To determine research priorities in PICU nutrition, which represent the shared priorities of patients, parents, carers, and PICU healthcare professionals within the United Kingdom.

Design: A national multiphase priority setting methodology in partnership with the James Lind Alliance delivered over 16 months (June 2020-September 2021). Part 1: a national scoping survey asked respondents to submit their research uncertainties related to PICU nutrition.

Nutritional support practices and opinions toward gastrostomy use in pediatric bone marrow transplant centers: A national survey.

Objective: Previous surveys have shown deviations in nutritional practices from international guidelines during bone marrow transplant (BMT). Guidelines recommend enteral nutrition first-line and nasogastric tubes are the mainstay for its provision. Gastrostomies provide an alternative, yet their use is less common.

Systematic review of gastrostomy complications and outcomes in pediatric cancer and bone marrow transplant.

Background: Nutrition support is essential in children with cancer, including those undergoing bone marrow transplant (BMT), to reduce the risk of malnutrition and associated deleterious outcomes. Enteral nutrition is more commonly provided via nasogastric than gastrostomy tubes because of safety concerns with the latter in immunocompromised children. This systematic review investigated the incidence and type of complications and outcomes in pediatric cancer patients fed by gastrostomy.

Comparison of 24-Hour Recall and 3-Day Food Records during the Complementary Feeding Period in Thai Infants and Evaluation of Plasma Amino Acids as Markers of Protein Intake.

An accurate and reliable measurement of nutrient intake is the first and foremost step in order to optimise infant nutrition and evaluate its impact on health outcomes. However, research on the validity of dietary assessment tools used during the weaning period is limited, especially in lower-middle income countries. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate relative validity of a 24-h recall method (24-HR) using a 3-day food record (3-DFR).

The Impact of Dietary Protein in Complementary Foods on Infant Growth and Body Composition in a Population Facing the Double Burden of Malnutrition: Protocol for a Multicenter, Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Protein is an essential macronutrient with an important role during complementary feeding. Low protein intake contributes to undernutrition while high intake, especially from animal sources, may increase obesity risk. However, the influences of different protein sources (dairy, meat, and plants) on growth, and underlying mechanisms for these effects, are poorly understood.

Complementary feeding: Attitudes, knowledge and practices of urban families in northern Thailand.

Aim: Urban families in middle-income countries are currently facing cultural and lifestyle transition. Changing from an agricultural to an industrial society may affect family roles and child-care practices. The present study aims to reveal family attitudes, knowledge and practices focusing on complementary feeding (CF).

Prevention of overweight and obesity in early life.

Childhood obesity is a serious challenge for public health. The problem begins early with most excess childhood weight gained before starting school. In 2016, the WHO estimated that 41 million children under 5 were overweight or obese.

Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation, vascular function and risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a randomized controlled trial in young adults.

Background: A high consumption of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has been suggested to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, while DHA supplementation may have benefits for secondary prevention, few studies have investigated the role of DHA in the primary prevention of CVD. Here, we tested the hypothesis that DHA supplementation improves endothelial function and risk factors for CVD.

Effect of specific ART drugs on lipid changes and the need for lipid management in children with HIV.

Background: We investigated the effects of individual antiretrovirals on lipids in HIV-infected children and the proportion potentially eligible for dietary or pharmacologic intervention.

Methods: St Mary's and Great Ormond Street Hospital's, London, United Kingdom, patients between 1995 and 2007 were included. Associations between lipids (millimoles per liter) and specific antiretroviral therapy were assessed using mixed-effects models adjusted for confounders.

The effect of intrauterine growth on verbal IQ scores in childhood: a study of monozygotic twins.

Objective: Given the adverse neurobiological effects of suboptimal nutrition on the developing brain, it is of social and medical importance to determine if the global prevalence of poor intrauterine growth causes lasting cognitive deficits. We examined whether suboptimal intrauterine growth relates to impaired cognitive outcome by comparing birth weight and cognition in monozygotic twins and considered whether children within-pair differences in birth weight were related to within-pair differences in IQ scores.

Methods: A total of 71 monozygotic twin pairs (aged 7 years 11 months to 17 years 3 months) participated.

Nutrition in infancy and long-term risk of obesity: evidence from 2 randomized controlled trials.

Background: Growth acceleration as a consequence of relative overnutrition in infancy has been suggested to increase the risk of later obesity. However, few studies have investigated this association by using an experimental study design.

Objective: We investigated the effect of early growth promotion on later body composition in 2 studies of infants born small for gestational age (weight <10th percentile in study 1 and <20th percentile in study 2).

Prevention of obesity in preschool children.

Obesity is a serious problem that affects children from diverse ethnic backgrounds in both industrialised and developing countries. Worldwide, an estimated twenty-two million children <5 years of age were overweight in 2007. In the UK if current trends continue an estimated one-quarter of all children <16 years of age will be obese by 2050.

Early nutrition and long-term health: a practical approach.

Nutrition in early life, a critical period for human development, can have long-term effects on health in adulthood. Supporting evidence comes from epidemiological studies, animal models and experimental interventions in human subjects. The mechanism is proposed to operate through nutritional influences on growth.

Dietary nucleotides and fecal microbiota in formula-fed infants: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Dietary nucleotides are nonprotein nitrogenous compounds that are thought to be important for growth, repair, and differentiation of the gastrointestinal tract. A higher nucleotide intake may also have favorable effects on the fecal microbial composition and incidence of diarrhea in infancy. However, few studies have tested this hypothesis with an experimental study design.

Toddler diets in the UK: deficiencies and imbalances. 2. Relationship of toddler diet to later health.

Establishing a healthy diet during the toddler years is important for both short- and long-term health. During the second year of life the toddler gains independence and seeks a degree of dietary autonomy. Dietary habits adopted at this time are important because they will be taken forward into later childhood and adult life.

Toddler diets in the U.K.: deficiencies and imbalances. 1. Risk of micronutrient deficiencies.

The toddler diet in the U.K. changed considerably during the 25 years between the last two national dietary surveys, and these and other reports suggest that the nutritional intake of many toddlers does not comply with national recommendations.

Energy requirements and body composition in stable pediatric intensive care patients receiving ventilatory support.

Energy requirements of pediatric intensive-care patients are unknown due to the difficulty of measuring total energy expenditure in free-living conditions. We investigated energy expenditure and body composition in stable pediatric intensive-care patients receiving long-term ventilatory support. Total energy expenditure and total body water were measured in 10 such patients using the doubly-labeled water method.