Developing deprotectase biocatalysts for synthesis.

Organic synthesis often requires multiple steps where a functional group (FG) is concealed from reaction by a protecting group (PG). Common PGs include -carbobenzyloxy (Cbz or Z) of amines and -butyloxycarbonyl (OBu) of acids. An essential step is the removal of the PG, but this often requires excess reagents, extensive time and can have low % yield.

Establishing reference values for age-related spermatogonial quantity in prepubertal human testes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To collect published data on spermatogonial quantity in the testes of healthy children and calculate the reference values of spermatogonial quantities throughout prepuberty.

Design: Systematic literature search in PubMed and EMBASE focusing on the number of spermatogonia per transverse tubular cross section (S/T) and spermatogonial density per cubic centimeter (cm) of testicular volume (S/V) throughout prepuberty.

Setting: None.

Effects of ACTH and cAMP on steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and P450 11beta-hydroxylase messenger RNAs in rainbow trout interrenal cells: relationship with in vitro cortisol production.

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) transfers cholesterol over the inner mitochondrial membrane, thereby making the molecule available for cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, which carries out the first conversion in the steroidogenic pathway. In mammals, StAR controls this rate limiting step in steroidogenesis, and both StAR protein and StAR mRNA levels become rapidly elevated in response to tropic hormone stimulation. The relationship between StAR gene expression and steroid production in fish has not yet been well explored.