The era of sport concussion: Evolution of knowledge, practice, and the role of psychology.

The topic of sport concussion has gained significant prominence over the last 20 years, resulting in dramatic growth in research funding, widespread media coverage, and increased public awareness. Although the knowledge base has greatly expanded, there is still much that is unknown or controversial about the long-term effects of sports-related head injury. Because of the high stakes of mismanaging these injuries, professional sports organizations, federal/state government, and various health-related disciplines have responded with efforts to educate the public and improve treatment and management of this injury.

Intravenous immunoglobulin attenuates airway inflammation through induction of forkhead box protein 3-positive regulatory T cells.

Background: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a frequently used disease-modifying therapy for a large spectrum of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, yet its mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. Using a robust murine model of antigen-driven allergic airways disease, we have demonstrated that IVIG markedly improves ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway hyperresponsiveness characterized by 4- to 6-fold enhancement in regulatory T (Treg) cells in pulmonary and associated lymphoid tissues.

Objective: We sought to determine whether IVIG induces antigen-specific Treg cells and to address cellular interactions that lead to induction of Treg cells by IVIG.

5-oxo-ETE is a major oxidative stress-induced arachidonate metabolite in B lymphocytes.

B lymphocytes convert arachidonic acid (AA) to the 5-lipoxygenase products leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and 5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) when subjected to oxidative stress. 5-HETE has little biological activity, but can be oxidized by a selective dehydrogenase in some cells to 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), a potent eosinophil chemoattractant. We found that CESS cells, a B lymphocyte cell line, convert AA to 5-oxo-ETE and this is selectively stimulated by oxidative stress.

Regulation of IL-13 receptor alpha 1 expression and signaling on human tonsillar B-lymphocyte subsets.

Background: T(H)2 cytokines play crucial roles in driving human B lymphocytes to produce IgE. However, it is unclear whether IL-4 and IL-13 have parallel or sequential roles in the development of B lymphocytes.

Objective: We investigated IL-13 receptor (IL-13R) expression and regulation in mature and immature human B cells.