"Once more, with feeling": no difference in outcomes between patients discharged on oral versus intravenous antibiotics for orthopedic infections in a propensity score matched cohort at a US medical center.

Objective: To compare outcomes between patients discharged on intravenous (IV) versus oral (PO) antibiotics for the treatment of orthopedic infections, after creation of an IV-to-PO guideline, at a single academic medical center in the United States.

Methods: This was a retrospective, propensity score matched, cohort study of adult patients hospitalized for orthopedic infections from September 30, 2020, to April 30, 2022. Patients discharged on PO antibiotics were matched to patients discharged on IV antibiotics.

Applying Concepts of Curriculum Design and Cultural Adaptation: Collaborating on a Dual-Degree Occupational Therapy Program in Mainland China.

Occupational therapy is a profession with origins rooted in Western values. As culture plays an important role in shaping theory and practice, the curriculum design of academic programs that train future rehabilitation professionals should reflect the local context. As part of an international partnership, a dual-degree graduate program in occupational therapy was established between a Chinese and an American university.

Optimizing Crop Plant Stomatal Density to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change.

Plants take up carbon dioxide, and lose water, through pores on their leaf surfaces called stomata. We have a good understanding of the biochemical signals that control the production of stomata, and over the past decade, these have been manipulated to produce crops with fewer stomata. Crops with abnormally low stomatal densities require less water to produce the same yield and have enhanced drought tolerance.

SIAMESE-RELATED1 imposes differentiation of stomatal lineage ground cells into pavement cells.

The leaf epidermis represents a multifunctional tissue consisting of trichomes, pavement cells and stomata, the specialized cellular pores of the leaf. Pavement cells and stomata both originate from regulated divisions of stomatal lineage ground cells (SLGCs), but whereas the ontogeny of the stomata is well characterized, the genetic pathways activating pavement cell differentiation remain relatively unexplored. Here, we reveal that the cell cycle inhibitor SIAMESE-RELATED1 (SMR1) is essential for timely differentiation of SLGCs into pavement cells by terminating SLGC self-renewal potency, which depends on CYCLIN A proteins and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE B1.

Grasses exploit geometry to achieve improved guard cell dynamics.

Stomata are controllable micropores formed between two adjacent guard cells (GCs) that regulate gas flow across the plant surface. Grasses, among the most successful organisms on the planet and the main food crops for humanity, have GCs flanked by specialized lateral subsidiary cells (SCs). SCs improve performance by acting as a local pool of ions and metabolites to drive changes in turgor pressure within the GCs that open/close the stomatal pore.

Candidate genes affecting stomatal density in rice (Oryza sativa L.) identified by genome-wide association.

Stomata regulate photosynthesis and water loss. They have been an active subject of research for centuries, but our knowledge of the genetic components that regulate stomatal development in crops remains very limited in comparison to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Leaf stomatal density was found to vary by over 2.

The influences of stomatal size and density on rice abiotic stress resilience.

A warming climate coupled with reductions in water availability and rising salinity are increasingly affecting rice (Oryza sativa) yields. Elevated temperatures combined with vapour pressure deficit (VPD) rises are causing stomatal closure, further reducing plant productivity and cooling. It is unclear what stomatal size (SS) and stomatal density (SD) will best suit all these environmental extremes.

Stomatal Development and Gene Expression in Rice Florets.

Stomata play a fundamental role in modulating the exchange of gases between plants and the atmosphere. These microscopic structures form in high numbers on the leaf epidermis and are also present on flowers. Although leaf stomata are well studied, little attention has been paid to the development or function of floral stomata.

Induced Genetic Variations in Stomatal Density and Size of Rice Strongly Affects Water Use Efficiency and Responses to Drought Stresses.

Rice ( L.) is an important food crop relied upon by billions of people worldwide. However, with increasing pressure from climate change and rapid population growth, cultivation is very water-intensive.

Small EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE2 peptides regulate awn development in rice.

The EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF) and EPF-LIKE (EPFL) family of small secreted peptides act to regulate many aspects of plant growth and development; however, their functions are not widely characterized in rice (Oryza sativa). Here, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) technology to individually knockout each of 11 EPF/EPFL genes in the rice cultivar Kasalath. Loss of function of most OsEPF/EPFL genes generated no obvious phenotype alteration, while disruption of OsEPFL2 in Kasalath caused a short or no awn phenotype and reduced grain size.

Altering arabinans increases Arabidopsis guard cell flexibility and stomatal opening.

Stomata regulate plant water use and photosynthesis by controlling leaf gas exchange. They do this by reversibly opening the pore formed by two adjacent guard cells, with the limits of this movement ultimately set by the mechanical properties of the guard cell walls and surrounding epidermis. A body of evidence demonstrates that the methylation status and cellular patterning of pectin wall polymers play a core role in setting the guard cell mechanical properties, with disruption of the system leading to poorer stomatal performance.

The origin and evolution of stomata.

The acquisition of stomata is one of the key innovations that led to the colonisation of the terrestrial environment by the earliest land plants. However, our understanding of the origin, evolution and the ancestral function of stomata is incomplete. Phylogenomic analyses indicate that, firstly, stomata are ancient structures, present in the common ancestor of land plants, prior to the divergence of bryophytes and tracheophytes and, secondly, there has been reductive stomatal evolution, especially in the bryophytes (with complete loss in the liverworts).

Rice Stomatal Mega-Papillae Restrict Water Loss and Pathogen Entry.

Rice () is a water-intensive crop, and like other plants uses stomata to balance CO uptake with water-loss. To identify agronomic traits related to rice stomatal complexes, an anatomical screen of 64 Thai and 100 global rice cultivars was undertaken. Epidermal outgrowths called papillae were identified on the stomatal subsidiary cells of all cultivars.

Leaf temperature responses to ABA and dead bacteria in wheat and Arabidopsis.

Stomatal densities, aperture openness and their responsiveness to environmental change determine plant water loss and regulate entry of pathogens. Stomatal responsiveness is usually assessed on restricted areas of leaves or isolated epidermal peels floated in solution. Analyzing these responses in the whole plant context could give valuable additional information, for example on the role of mesophyll in stomatal responses.

Stomatal responses to carbon dioxide and light require abscisic acid catabolism in .

In plants, stomata control water loss and CO uptake. The aperture and density of stomatal pores, and hence the exchange of gases between the plant and the atmosphere, are controlled by internal factors such as the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and external signals including light and CO. In this study, we examine the importance of ABA catabolism in the stomatal responses to CO and light.

Worker Perspectives on Incorporating Artificial Intelligence into Office Workspaces: Implications for the Future of Office Work.

Workplace environments have a significant impact on worker performance, health, and well-being. With machine learning capabilities, artificial intelligence (AI) can be developed to automate individualized adjustments to work environments (e.g.

Dynamic thermal imaging confirms local but not fast systemic ABA responses.

Abscisic acid (ABA) signals regulating stomatal aperture and water loss are usually studied in detached leaves or isolated epidermal peels and at infrequent timepoints. Measuring stomatal ABA responses in attached leaves across a time course enables the study of stomatal behaviour in the physiological context of the plant. Infrared thermal imaging is often used to characterize steady-state stomatal conductance via comparisons of leaf surface temperature but is rarely used to capture stomatal responses over time or across different leaf surfaces.

Stomata and Sporophytes of the Model Moss .

Mosses are an ancient land plant lineage and are therefore important in studying the evolution of plant developmental processes. Here, we describe stomatal development in the model moss species (previously known as ) over the duration of sporophyte development. We dissect the molecular mechanisms guiding cell division and fate and highlight how stomatal function might vary under different environmental conditions.

Pores for Thought: Can Genetic Manipulation of Stomatal Density Protect Future Rice Yields?

Rice ( L.) contributes to the diets of around 3.5 billion people every day and is consumed more than any other plant.

CrRLK1L receptor-like kinases HERK1 and ANJEA are female determinants of pollen tube reception.

Communication between the gametophytes is vital for angiosperm fertilisation. Multiple CrRLK1L-type receptor kinases prevent premature pollen tube burst, while another CrRLK1L protein, FERONIA (FER), is required for pollen tube reception in the female gametophyte. We report here the identification of two additional CrRLK1L homologues, HERCULES RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (HERK1) and ANJEA (ANJ), which act redundantly to promote pollen tube growth arrest at the synergid cells.

The influence of stomatal morphology and distribution on photosynthetic gas exchange.

The intricate and interconnecting reactions of C photosynthesis are often limited by one of two fundamental processes: the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, or the diffusion of CO from the atmosphere through the stomata, and ultimately into the chloroplast. In this review, we explore how the contributions of stomatal morphology and distribution can affect photosynthesis, through changes in gaseous exchange. The factors driving this relationship are considered, and recent results from studies investigating the effects of stomatal shape, size, density and patterning on photosynthesis are discussed.

Mesophyll porosity is modulated by the presence of functional stomata.

The formation of stomata and leaf mesophyll airspace must be coordinated to establish an efficient and robust network that facilitates gas exchange for photosynthesis, however the mechanism by which this coordinated development occurs remains unclear. Here, we combine microCT and gas exchange analyses with measures of stomatal size and patterning in a range of wild, domesticated and transgenic lines of wheat and Arabidopsis to show that mesophyll airspace formation is linked to stomatal function in both monocots and eudicots. Our results support the hypothesis that gas flux via stomatal pores influences the degree and spatial patterning of mesophyll airspace formation, and indicate that this relationship has been selected for during the evolution of modern wheat.