Brain Activation and Aberrant Effective Connectivity in the Mentalizing Network of Preadolescent Children at Familial High Risk of Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder.

Background: Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are characterized by social cognitive impairments, and recent research has identified alterations of the social brain. However, it is unknown whether familial high risk (FHR) of these disorders is associated with neurobiological alterations already present in childhood.

Methods: As part of the Danish High Risk and Resilience Study-VIA 11, we examined children at FHR of schizophrenia (n = 121, 50% female) or bipolar disorder (n = 75, 47% female) and population-based control children (PBCs) (n = 128, 48% female).

Exploring the relationship between attributional style measured in virtual reality and bullying among children at familial high risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder compared with controls.

Background: Children of parents with severe mental illness report bullying more often compared with controls. We hypothesized that deviations in attributional styles may explain the increased prevalence of bullying experiences. We aimed to assess real-time responses to standardized ambiguous social situations, bullying experiences by children, their primary caregivers, and teachers, and to investigate potential associations between attributional styles and bullying.

Pubertal timing, sex hormone levels, and associations between early life adversity and accelerated development amongst 11-year-old children of parents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and controls: The Danish high risk and Resilience study via 11.

Background: Children of parents with severe mental illness have several known risk factors for altered pubertal timing. Pubertal timing is important for children's physical and emotional development. We aimed to examine pubertal timing and associations between pubertal timing, early life adversity and child problem behavior including psychiatric diagnoses among children of parents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and controls.

Differential Reinforcement of Low Frequency Behavior as an Interdependent Group Contingency for Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

An ABAB reversal design was employed to evaluate the effect of differential reinforcement of low (DRL) frequency behavior as an interdependent group contingency on the frequency of vocal disruptions of five males, 6-14-years old, diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. The results showed lower frequencies of vocal disruptions during intervention conditions as compared to baseline conditions; the combination of DRL and interdependent group contingency was effective at reducing the target behavior from baseline levels. Implications of concurrent interventions for the applied setting are discussed.

Home environment of 11-year-old children born to parents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder - a controlled, 4-year follow-up study: The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study - VIA 11.

Background: The home environment has a major impact on child development. Parental severe mental illness can pose a challenge to the home environment of a child. We aimed to examine the home environment of children of parents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and controls longitudinally through at-home assessments.

Working memory heterogeneity from age 7 to 11 in children at familial high risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder- The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study.

Background: Despite the genetic overlap between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, working memory impairments are mainly found in children of parents with schizophrenia. However, working memory impairments are characterized by substantial heterogeneity, and it is unknown how this heterogeneity develops over time. We used a data-driven approach to assess working memory heterogeneity and longitudinal stability in children at familial high risk of schizophrenia (FHR-SZ) or bipolar disorder (FHR-BP).

Hair cortisol concentrations and daily life stress in 7-year-old children at familial high-risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study - VIA 7.

Background: Dysregulation of the HPA-axis, perceived stress and interpersonal trauma are associated with an elevated risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Being at familial high-risk of these two mental disorders also constitutes an increased risk. In this study, we aimed to investigate hair cortisol concentrations and perceived stress among 7-year-old children at familial high-risk of schizophrenia (FHR-SZ), bipolar disorder (FHR-BP), and population-based controls (controls).

Social responsiveness in families with parental schizophrenia or bipolar disorder-The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study.

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are highly heritable severe mental disorders associated with social impairments. Moreover, partners to individuals with one of these disorders display poorer functioning and more psychopathology, but their social skills and the transgenerational transmission remains uninvestigated. Therefore, we aimed to examine social responsiveness in families with parental schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

The development in rating-based executive functions in children at familial high risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder from age 7 to age 11: the Danish high risk and resilience study.

Executive functions (EF) deficits are well documented in children at familial high risk of schizophrenia (FHR-SZ), and to a lesser degree in children at familial high risk of bipolar disorder (FHR-BP). The aim of this study was to assess EF development in preadolescent children at FHR-SZ, FHR-BP and population-based controls (PBC) using a multi-informant rating scale. A total of 519 children (FHR-SZ, n = 201; FHR-BP, n = 119; PBC, n = 199) participated at age 7, at age 11 or at both time points.

Associations between exposure to early childhood adversities and middle childhood psychotic experiences in children at familial high risk of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and population-based controls: The Danish high risk and resilience study - VIA 7 and VIA 11.

Background: Exposure to adversities in early childhood is associated with psychotic experiences and disorders in adulthood. We aimed to examine whether early childhood adversities are associated with middle childhood psychotic experiences in a cohort of children at familial high risk of schizophrenia (FHR-SZ), bipolar disorder (FHR-BP) and population-based controls (controls).

Methods: Four hundred and forty-six children from The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study - VIA7 and VIA11 participated in this study (FHR-SZ = 170; FHR-BP = 103; controls = 173).

Impaired motor development in children with familial high risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and the association with psychotic experiences: a 4-year Danish observational follow-up study.

Background: Motor abnormalities have clinical relevance as a component of psychotic illness; they are not only a proxy of altered neurodevelopment, but also intimately related to psychotic risk. We aimed to assess motor development and its association with psychotic experiences in children with familial high risk (FHR) of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder compared with controls.

Methods: The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study is a prospective longitudinal cohort study, for which participants were extracted from Danish registers.

Knee function, quality of life, pain, and living conditions after distal femoral resection knee arthroplasty for non-tumor indications.

Background: Distal femoral resection knee arthroplasty is a limb salvage procedure. The impact of distal femoral resection arthroplasty on patient function and health status is unknown. The aim of this study was to report knee function, quality of life, knee pain, and living conditions after distal femoral resection knee arthroplasty for non-tumor indications.

Early Childhood Neurocognition in Relation to Middle Childhood Psychotic Experiences in Children at Familial High Risk of Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder and Population-Based Controls: The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study.

Background And Hypothesis: Familial high-risk (FHR) studies examining longitudinal associations between neurocognition and psychotic experiences are currently lacking. We hypothesized neurocognitive impairments at age 7 to be associated with increased risk of psychotic experiences from age 7 to 11 in children at familial high risk of schizophrenia (FHR-SZ) or bipolar disorder (FHR-BP) and population-based controls (PBC), and further, impaired functioning in some neurocognitive functions to be associated with greater risk of psychotic experiences in children at FHR-SZ or FHR-BP relative to PBC.

Study Design: Neurocognition was assessed at age 7 (early childhood) and psychotic experiences from age 7 to 11 (middle childhood) in 449 children from the Danish High Risk and Resilience Study.

Neurocognitive Subgroups in Children at Familial High-risk of Schizophrenia or Bipolar disorder: Subgroup Membership Stability or Change From Age 7 to 11-The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study.

Background And Hypothesis: Subgroups with distinct levels of neurocognitive functioning exist in children of parents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. However, studies investigating the temporal stability of subgroup membership are currently lacking. We hypothesized that a minority of children at familial high-risk of schizophrenia (FHR-SZ) or bipolar disorder (FHR-BP) would transition to a different neurocognitive subgroup from age 7 to 11 and that most transitions would be to a more impaired subgroup.

Developmental Pathways and Clinical Outcomes of Early Childhood Psychotic Experiences in Preadolescent Children at Familial High Risk of Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder: A Prospective, Longitudinal Cohort Study - The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study, VIA 11.

Objective: Psychotic experiences are common in children and adolescents and are associated with concurrent and subsequent psychopathology. Most findings originate from general population studies, whereas little is known of the clinical outcomes of psychotic experiences in children and adolescents at familial high risk of psychosis. We examined the prevalence of psychotic experiences in middle childhood and whether early childhood psychotic experiences and developmental pathways of psychotic experiences predicted mental disorders in middle childhood in children at familial high risk of schizophrenia (FHR-SZ), bipolar disorder (FHR-BP), and a population-based control group.

Jumping to Conclusions and Its Associations With Psychotic Experiences in Preadolescent Children at Familial High Risk of Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder-The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study, VIA 11.

Background: The jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias, ie, making decisions based on inadequate evidence, is associated with psychosis in adults and is believed to underlie the formation of delusions. Knowledge on the early manifestations of JTC and its associations with psychotic experiences (PE) in children and adolescents is lacking.

Design: Preadolescent children (mean age 11.

Neurocognitive Development in Children at Familial High Risk of Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder.

Importance: Neurocognitive impairments exist in children at familial high risk (FHR) of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Studies on preadolescent developmental courses of neurocognition are important to describe shared and distinct neurodevelopmental pathways in these groups.

Objective: To assess the development in specific neurocognitive functions from age 7 to 11 years in children at FHR of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder compared with children in a population-based control (PBC) group.

Childhood trauma in children at familial high risk of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: A longitudinal study. The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study - VIA 7 and VIA 11.

Objectives: Childhood trauma increases the risk of developing mental illness as does being born to parents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. We aimed to compare prevalence of lifetime childhood trauma among 11-year-old children at familial high risk of schizophrenia (FHR-SZ) or bipolar disorder (FHR-BP) compared with population-based controls (PBCs).

Design: The study is a longitudinal, prospective cohort study of children at FHR-SZ, FHR-BP, and PBCs.

Development of social responsiveness and theory of mind in children of parents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

Social impairments are suggested as vulnerability markers for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Therefore, we investigated the development of social responsiveness and theory of mind (ToM) in children at familial high-risk of schizophrenia (FHR-SZ) or bipolar disorder (FHR-BP). This study is part of The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study, a longitudinal cohort study of children at FHR-SZ or FHR-BP and population-based controls (PBC).

Evaluating the effects of social interaction on the results of preference assessments for leisure items.

A variable that may influence the outcomes of stimulus preference assessments (SPAs) is whether social interaction is provided during the stimulus access period. In Experiment 1, we compared the outcomes of a Solitary paired stimulus preference assessment (PSPA) (toys only), Social PSPA (toys plus social interaction), and Combined PSPA (toys alone and toys plus social interaction) to determine whether the addition of social interaction influenced preference for toys in preschool children. In Experiment 2, we conducted a concurrent-operant reinforcer assessment to compare the reinforcing efficacy of stimuli with and without social interaction.

Physical Activity and Sleep in 11-Year Old Children With a Familial High Risk of Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder. The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study-VIA 11.

Objective: People with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are at increased risk of having comorbid somatic illness. This is partly due to lack of physical activity, which may originate from childhood. Sleep disturbances are associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.