A level of trust: Exploring entrustable professional activities as a feedback tool in a skills lab.

Introduction: There is a lack of data on use of entrustable professional activitie (EPA) statements and levels of entrustment as a feedback tool in pharmacy education. This study examined EPAs as a feedback tool for student pharmacists in a skills lab series.

Methods: Eighty-seven third-year student pharmacists ranked their perceived level of entrustment using a three-point scale for 13 EPA core statements in two consecutive semesters.

2023 Update to the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Pharmacotherapy Didactic Curriculum Toolkit.

Introduction: The American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) Pharmacotherapy Didactic Curriculum Toolkit has been used by colleges and schools of pharmacy as a guide for curricular development and revisions since its inaugural publication in 2009. The toolkit was last revised and updated by the 2019 Publications Committee.

Objectives: The 2023 ACCP Publications Committee was charged with reviewing the 2019 Update to the ACCP Pharmacotherapy Didactic Curriculum Toolkit to determine any necessary revisions/updates.

NPH Insulin Versus Insulin Glargine Versus NPH Insulin Plus Insulin Glargine for the Treatment of Dexamethasone-Induced Hyperglycemia in Patients With COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Dexamethasone use in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 significantly reduces mortality; however, it commonly results in hyperglycemia. Optimal treatment of dexamethasone-induced hyperglycemia is not well established.

Objective: The study purpose was to assess the difference in blood glucose (BG) control between insulin glargine, neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) insulin, and insulin glargine plus NPH insulin for dexamethasone-induced hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and COVID-19 infection.

Estimation of the Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Badgers () and Foxes () in Northern Ireland.

Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria can be shared between humans and animals, through food, water, and the environment. Wild animals are not only potential reservoirs of AMR, but are also sentinels mirroring the presence of AMR zoonotic bacteria in the environment. In Northern Ireland, little is known about levels of AMR in bacteria in wildlife, thus the current study aimed to estimate the prevalence of AMR bacteria in wildlife using wildlife species from two ongoing surveys as a proxy.

Adjunctive Phenobarbital for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Focused Literature Review.

Objective: To review the literature describing the use of adjunctive phenobarbital in the treatment of severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS).

Data Sources: PubMed and EMBASE were searched using the following terms: , , , , and .

Study Selection And Data Extraction: The search was limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies published in English.

Interviewer perceptions during the implementation of the multiple mini-interview model at a school of pharmacy.

Introduction: Studies reveal positive interviewer perceptions of multiple mini-interview (MMI) upon MMI completion. No studies evaluate change in interviewer perceptions during MMI implementation. The objective was to evaluate the change in interviewer perceptions during the implementation of the MMI model at the University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Impact of the implementation of a pharmacist-driven chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation orderset in an inpatient setting.

Purpose: The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines provide recommendations for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation. Studies have demonstrated shortened hospital length of stay (LOS) with use of guideline-adherent systemic corticosteroid therapy. There are no published studies evaluating the impact of an inpatient orderset on patient-oriented outcomes.

Evidence-Based Review of Smartphone Versus Paper Asthma Action Plans on Asthma Control.

To summarize and evaluate existing literature regarding the impact of mobile asthma action plans (MAAPs) versus written asthma action plans (WAAPs) on degree of asthma control. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched (2000-January 2019) using the term with each of the following: , or .

Evaluation of Bronchodilator Use During Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation Inpatient Admissions.

It is unknown whether the timing of initiation of a long-acting bronchodilator (LABD) during a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation or the method of short-acting bronchodilator (SABD) delivery may aid in improving patient outcomes. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of bronchodilator management in the hospital setting on clinical outcomes in patients with COPD exacerbation. This retrospective, single-center study evaluated patients admitted to the non-intensive care unit setting with a COPD exacerbation as defined by the codes.

Impact of a Pharmacy-Initiated Inpatient Diabetes Patient Education Program on 30-Day Readmission Rates.

Background: In October 2012, a pharmacy-driven Inpatient Diabetes Patient Education (IDPE) program was implemented at the University of Toledo Medical Center (UTMC).

Objective: To determine the difference in 30-day hospital readmission rates for patients who receive IDPE compared to those who do not.

Methods: This retrospective cohort was completed at UTMC.

Systemic Corticosteroid and Antibiotic Use in Hospitalized Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation.

Background: Effective inpatient chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation management is critical to appropriately manage health care resources. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines provide recommendations on appropriate systemic corticosteroid and antibiotic use, in select patients, for COPD exacerbation.

Objective: To determine the impact of GOLD guideline-recommended systemic corticosteroid and antibiotic therapy in the hospital setting on clinical outcomes in patients with COPD exacerbation.

Implementation of a Cardiac Transitions of Care Pilot Program: A Prospective Study of Inpatient and Outpatient Clinical Pharmacy Services for Patients With Heart Failure Exacerbation or Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Background:: Pharmacists may assist with reducing 30-day readmission rates for patients with heart failure (HF) exacerbation or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by promoting medication adherence.

Objective:: To determine the change in 30-day readmission rates for patients with HF exacerbation or AMI after implementation of a "high-touch" standard of care.

Methods:: Patients admitted with HF exacerbation, non-ST-segment elevation AMI, or ST-segment elevation AMI from August 1, 2013, to June 30, 2015, were included in this prospective study.

Evidence Based Review of Pharmacotherapy for Opioid-Induced Constipation in Noncancer Pain.

Objective: To summarize and evaluate the existing literature regarding medications to treat opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in patients with chronic noncancer pain (CNCP).

Data Sources: PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched using the following terms: constipation, opioid, chronic, pain, noncancer, nonmalignant, methylnaltrexone, alvimopan, lubiprostone, naloxegol, and naldemedine.

Study Selection And Data Extraction: The search was limited to randomized controlled trials reporting human outcomes.

ACE Inhibitor-Induced Angioedema of the Small Bowel: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are known to cause angioedema. Most ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema cases describe swelling in the periorbital region, tongue, and pharynx. We describe a case of a 62-year-old female with presumed angioedema of the small bowel after more than a 2-year history of lisinopril use (with no recent changes in her dose of 40 mg orally twice daily).

Impact of a Training Program on Pharmacists' Comfort With Pediatric Pharmacy Concepts and Basic Pediatric Knowledge.

To determine the impact of a training program on pharmacists' comfort with pediatric pharmacy concepts and basic pediatric knowledge. All pharmacists at our institution were invited to participate in the study. Consenting participants completed a baseline survey of 15 questions on basic knowledge in 5 pediatric topic areas (pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, weight-based dosing, anticoagulation, renal dosing, and common antibiotics) as well as 8 statements rating self-reported comfort with pediatric pharmacy.

Evaluation of a Pharmacy-Managed Pharmacokinetic Dosing Program.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine the impact of a pharmacy-managed pharmacokinetic dosing program on appropriate dosing of famotidine, enoxaparin, and ketorolac.

Methods: A large community teaching hospital implemented a pharmacy-managed pharmacokinetic dosing program for famotidine, enoxaparin, and ketorolac. Subjects were included if they received famotidine and had a creatinine clearance (CrCl) of <50 mL/min; received therapeutic enoxaparin and had a CrCl of <30 mL/min; or received ketorolac and had a CrCl <30 mL/min, age > 65 years or weight <50 kg.

Vortioxetine for the treatment of depression.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical literature and potential clinical role of vortioxetine (Brintellix) for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).

Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1966-February 2014) was conducted using the search terms vortioxetine, Lu AA21004, and depression. Bibliographies of all articles retrieved were also reviewed.

Evaluation of education on the appropriate use of vitamin k in warfarin reversal in adult inpatients.

Purpose: Vitamin K (phytonadione) is a commonly used first-line reversal agent for vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy in patients presenting with a supratherapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) with or without significant bleeding or in patients with a therapeutic INR in need of surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of education on the appropriate use of vitamin K for VKA reversal.

Methods: Data were collected on patients admitted to a community teaching hospital during February 2010 (pre-education group).

Retigabine (ezogabine) as add-on therapy for partial-onset seizures: an update for clinicians.

Objective: The present study reviewed the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of retigabine (ezogabine), a potential agent for use as adjunctive treatment in refractory partial-onset seizures.

Methods: A MEDLINE search (1966-May 2011) was conducted using the key words retigabine, ezogabine, D-23129, epilepsy, and anticonvulsant. Bibliographies of all articles retrieved were also reviewed.

Health literacy: use of the Four Habits Model to improve student pharmacists' communication.

Objective: To assess whether student pharmacists' communication skills improved using the Four Habits Model (FHM) at the St. Louis College of Pharmacy.

Methods: During the Fall of 2009 and 2010, student pharmacists in the third professional year learned and practiced the FHM.

Importance of direct patient care in advanced pharmacy practice experiences.

The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education issued revised standards (Standards 2007) for professional programs leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy degree in July 2007. The new standards require colleges and schools of pharmacy to provide pharmacy practice experiences that include direct interaction with diverse patient populations. These experiences are to take place in multiple practice environments (e.

Evaluation of the Implementation of an Anticoagulation Management Protocol at a Community Hospital.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of implementation of an anticoagulation protocol involving dosing and monitoring of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low-molecular-weight heparin, specifically enoxaparin, for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and/or acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Methods: Patients with a primary diagnosis of DVT, PE, and/or ACS treated with UFH and/or enoxaparin were included. Data were collected on patients admitted to a community hospital during February 2008 (preimplementation) and February 2009 (postimplementation).

Potential short-term use of oral cladribine in treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system. The clinical course of MS varies among patients. Currently, interferon (IFN) products, including IFN β-1a administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously and IFN β-1b subcutaneously, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, and mitoxantrone are approved disease-modifying therapies for the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS.