Manipulation of PD-L1 Endosomal Trafficking Promotes Anticancer Immunity.

The aberrant regulation of PD-L1 in tumor cells remains poorly understood. Here, the authors systematically investigate the endosomal trafficking of plasma membrane PD-L1 in tumor cells. They show that plasma membrane PD-L1 is continuously internalized, and then trafficked from early endosomes to multivesicular bodies/late endosomes, recycling endosomes, lysosomes, and/or extracellular vesicles (EVs).