Reactive Distillation of Glycolic Acid Using Heterogeneous Catalysts: Experimental Studies and Process Simulation.

The glycerol oxidation reaction was developed leading to selective catalysts and optimum conditions for the production of carboxylic acids such as glycolic acid. However, carboxylic acids are produced in highly diluted mixtures, challenging the recovery and purification, and resulting in high production costs, polymerization, and thermal degradation of some of the products. The protection of the acid function by esterification reaction is one of the most promising alternatives through reactive distillation (RD); this technique allows simultaneously the recovery of carboxylic acids and the elimination of most part of the water.

Synthetic Ionophores. 13. Pyridine-Diamide-Diester Receptors: Remarkable Effect of Amide Substituents on Molecular Organization and Ag(+) Selectivity.

The N(Py).HN(amide) hydrogen bonding within the macrocyclic cavities in 9, 10, and 13 invokes their symmetrical electron-deficient structures ((1)H NMR) and consequently bind with water. This results in their poor ionophore characters.