Effect of selected dietary antioxidants on fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens.

1. Single comb White Leghorn hens of an inbred line highly susceptible to fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) were fed supplemented dietary ascorbic acid (200 mg/kg), alpha-tocopherol (75 mg/kg), or L-cysteine (3 g/kg, and 6 g/kg) for 28 d in order to evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of these compounds against the disease. 2.

Individual and combined effects of T-2 toxin and DAS in laying hens.

1. The individual and combined effects of T-2 toxin and 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) on laying hens were investigated in an experiment consisting of a 2 x 2 completely randomised factorial design with dietary concentrations of 0 and 2 mg/kg T-2 toxin and 0 and 2 mg/kg DAS. 2.

Hepatic lipidosis in turkeys.

Two flocks of 14,000 twenty-week-old turkey hens each experienced increased mortality due to hepatic lipidosis. Some hens showed signs of dyspnea and cyanosis before death. Necropsy revealed dark muscles and enlarged livers with pale areas and numerous hemorrhages.

Lesions in broiler chickens following experimental intoxication with cobalt.

Dietary levels of 0, 125, 250, and 500 mg of cobalt per kg of feed were given to 1-day-old broiler chicks for 14 days. All levels of cobalt reduced feed intake, body weight gain, and gain: feed ratio and caused a dose-dependent increase in mortality. Chickens fed 250 and 500 mg cobalt/kg feed developed pancreatic fibrosis, multifocal hepatic necrosis, and lesions in skeletal and cardiac muscle and smooth muscle of the duodenum.

Conformer selection of protein ions by ion mobility in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.

Electrospray mass spectra of multiply charged protein molecules show two distinct charge state distributions proposed to correspond to a more highly charged, open conformational form and a lower charged, folded form. Elastic collisions carried out in the radiofrequency-only collision cell of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer have dramatic effects on the appearance of the mass spectra. The different cross sectional areas of the conformers allow preferential selection of one charge state distribution over the other on the basis of ion mobility.

Cobalt-induced polycythaemia causing right ventricular hypertrophy and ascites in meat-type chickens.

Cobalt increases the red cell mass in both man and animals by increasing the production of erythropoietin. Since meat-type chickens can develop pulmonary hypertension from increased erythropoiesis and polycythaemia, two trials were conducted to investigate the role of cobalt on broiler chicken erythropoiesis and pulmonary hypertension. The results showed that feeding cobaltous chloride at 500 parts/10(6) to meat-type chickens from 1-day-old for 42 days significantly increased haemoglobin content and, to a lesser extent red blood cell count, and haematocrit.

Effect of hypobaric hypoxia and diet on blood parameters and pulmonary hypertension-induced right ventricular hypertrophy in turkey poults and ducklings.

Turkey poults reared in a hypobaric chamber at an atmospheric pressure of 592 mmHg (calculated partial pressure of oxygen: 124 mmHg: calculated altitude and 02 equivalents: 2054 m and 16.3%) on a fast-growth diet developed polycythaemia and pulmonary hypertension as measured by right ventricle to total ventricle ratio. Poults reared in a hypobaric chamber on a slow-growth diet had less polycythaemia and did not have pulmonary hypertension.

The relation of egg specific gravity to the incidence of spontaneous cardiomyopathy in tom turkeys.

The specific gravity and weight of eggs were determined for two groups of 600 eggs each, originating from Nicholas and British United Turkey of America (BUTA) turkey breeder flocks. A total of 137 Nicholas and 190 BUTA toms hatched from these eggs were used for the experiment. At days 21, 33, 40, 47, 56, and 61, toms that showed retarded growth were euthanatized, along with a corresponding number of normal birds.

Effect of excess sodium bicarbonate on the blood volume and erythrocyte deformability of broiler chickens.

Broiler chickens were treated with 7.5% of sodium bicarbonate in their drinking water from 7 to 29 days of age to test the hypothesis that excess dietary sodium bicarbonate increases blood volume and decreases erythrocyte deformability thus contributing to the development of pulmonary hypertension-induced right ventricular failure and ascites. Sodium bicarbonate treatment resulted in 16% mortality from ascites compared to 2% mortality from sudden death syndrome in control broilers.

Ascites in poultry.

Research on ascites occurring in meat-type chickens reared at moderate and low altitude has shown that the pathogenesis is similar to that of the high altitude disease. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) caused by increased blood flow or increased resistance to flow in the lung results in right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), valvular insufficiency, increased venous pressure and ascites. The structure of the avian heart, with its thin-walled right ventricle and muscular right atrioventricular valve, allows PH to induce heart failure quickly.

Saline drinking water in broiler and Leghorn chicks and the effect in broilers of increasing levels and age at time of exposure.

The purpose of this research was to assess the effect of increasing levels of salt and 5 g/L of salt (0.20% extra sodium) in the drinking water in broiler chickens at various ages up to five weeks of age and to compare the response of broiler chickens and White Leghorns to saline water (0.20% sodium).

Effect of hypobaric hypoxia on slow- and fast-growing chickens fed diets with high and low protein levels.

The occurrence of pulmonary hypertension syndrome in fast-growing broiler chickens and slow-growing leghorns was studied. In two similar trials, broiler chickens and white leghorns were placed either at low altitude (295 m) or in hypobaric chambers (simulated high altitude of 2054 m) and fed either a high- (22%) or low-protein (17%) ration. Right ventricular hypertrophy as measured by right-ventricle:total-ventricle (RV:TV) weight ratio was used as an indicator of pulmonary hypertension.

Blood volume increase in salt-induced pulmonary hypertension, heart failure and ascites in broiler and White Leghorn chickens.

In this study we tested the hypothesis that excess dietary salt produces an expansion of extracellular fluid volume which may be associated with pulmonary hypertension-induced right ventricular failure in chickens with rapid growth rates. One-week-old broiler and White Leghorn chickens were given 0.5% salt in their drinking water for three weeks.

Effect of exercise on cardiac output and other cardiovascular parameters of heavy turkeys and relevance to the sudden death syndrome.

The cardiovascular response to treadmill exercise was studied in 14-to-18-week-old male and female heavy turkeys. Arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, body temperature, and heart rate were measured before and during each period of exercise. Total peripheral resistance, stroke volume, and stroke index were calculated from those parameters.

Effect of exercise on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of heavy turkeys and relevance to sudden death syndrome.

The cardiorespiratory response to walking exercise was studied in 14-to-18-week-old male and female heavy turkeys. Blood pressure, electrocardiograms, respiratory rate, body temperature, blood gases, and electrolytes were measured at rest and after exercise at two different room temperatures. After exercise, systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures decreased, and heart rate and body temperature increased, while a severe lactic acidosis developed, in both sexes and at both room temperatures.

Clinical pathologic profiles of dogs and turkeys with congestive heart failure, either noninduced or induced by rapid ventricular pacing, and turkeys with furazolidone toxicosis.

Characteristic alterations in the serum and urine biochemical profiles of Doberman Pinschers with congestive heart failure (CHF) resulting from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy were determined. We compared these alterations with those observed in 2 other models of CHF: rate overload induced by rapid ventricular pacing in dogs, and biventricular hypertrophy and dilatation induced in turkey poults by furazolidone toxicosis. Serum and urine biochemical changes in both models of CHF in dogs were mild to moderate in degree, and were moderately consistent.

The practice of psychotherapy and spiritual direction.

The author compares and contrasts insight-oriented psychotherapy, supportive psychotherapy, and spiritual direction in relation to goals and methods; management of resistance, transference, and countertransference; and selection criteria. The enhancement of spiritual formation through insight-oriented psychotherapy and supportive psychotherapy is also discussed.

Changes in erythrocyte deformability in NaCl-induced right-sided cardiac failure in broiler chickens.

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that erythrocyte deformability is decreased in the development of cardiac failure induced by NaCl toxicosis. Deformability of erythrocytes and routine hematologic and biochemical variables were measured in 6 of 50 chickens that were given 5 g of NaCl/L in their drinking water from day 7 to day 42, and were compared with values in 6 of 50 healthy chickens given free access to tap water. Deformability was assessed by passing a 10% suspension of erythrocytes through a polycarbonate membrane with 5-microns pores.

Effect of hypoxia and diet on spontaneous turkey cardiomyopathy (round-heart disease).

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of hypoxia-induced hypoxemia and rate of growth on spontaneous dilatory cardiomyopathy in turkey poults. Turkey poults grown in a hypobaric chamber at an atmospheric pressure of 592 mmHg (calculated partial pressure of oxygen: 124 mmHg; calculated altitude and O2 equivalents: 2054 m and 16.3%) on a rapid-growth diet developed a mainly right ventricular dilatory cardiomyopathy typical of the acute form of spontaneous turkey cardiomyopathy (STC).

The effect of dietary sodium on right ventricular failure-induced ascites, gain and fat deposition in meat-type chickens.

Experiments were carried out using various levels of sodium (Na+) from NaCl or NaHCO3 to determine: 1) the level of Na+ required to induce ascites alone or in combination with cold temperature and 2) the effect of Na+ on weight gain and fat deposition in broiler chickens. In experiment 1, there were no cases of ascites using levels of Na+, from NaCl at 0.14% to 0.

Necrotic enteritis in turkeys.

Three flocks of turkey hens (16,000 each) between 7 and 12 weeks of age experienced outbreaks of necrotic enteritis. Necropsy revealed a dilated duodenum and jejunum with mucosal surfaces covered with a diphtheritic membrane. Intestinal scrapings showed very few oocysts of Eimeria sp.

Pen oxygen concentration and pulmonary hypertension-induced right ventricular failure and ascites in meat-type chickens at low altitude.

Percentage O2 and CO2 were measured in the air in environmentally controlled commercial poultry pens (altitude approximately 300 m) containing broiler or roaster chickens 14 to 56 days of age. Outside air (mean of 10 samples) measured 20.85% O2 and 0.

Blood oxygen concentration of fast-growing and slow-growing broiler chickens, and chickens with ascites from right ventricular failure.

Percent hemoglobin oxygen saturation was measured with a pulse oximeter in 6-week-old slow-growing (light) and fast-growing (heavy) male broiler chickens and those with ascites from right ventricular failure (RVF). Pulse rate and percent oxygen saturation were read from the ulnar artery just proximal to the carpus. Percent oxygen saturation was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.

Cardiac muscle mass distribution in the domestic turkey and relationship to electrocardiogram.

Ventricular weights were measured in 20-week-old male and female heavy turkeys, and electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded in 10- and 20-week-old male and female heavy turkeys. Twenty-week-old males had heavier relative left ventricular and total ventricular weights than females of the same age. Left-to-right ventricular weight ratios were 4.

Myocardial myoglobin deficiency in various animal models of congestive heart failure.

Myoglobin is known to protect the mechanical function of the heart from hypoxia by acting as a sarcoplasmic oxygen reservoir and shuttle. We postulated a role for myoglobin in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure. Several models of congestive heart failure were employed to test the hypothesis, including spontaneous inherited dilated cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers, and heart failure produced by rapid ventricular pacing in dogs, volume overload in chickens and furazolidone toxicity in turkeys.