The Hexosamine Biosynthesis Pathway: Regulation and Function.

The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) produces uridine diphosphate--acetyl glucosamine, UDP-GlcNAc, which is a key metabolite that is used for - or -linked glycosylation, a co- or post-translational modification, respectively, that modulates protein activity and expression. The production of hexosamines can occur via de novo or salvage mechanisms that are catalyzed by metabolic enzymes. Nutrients including glutamine, glucose, acetyl-CoA, and UTP are utilized by the HBP.

Build a better bootstrap and the RAWR shall beat a random path to your door: phylogenetic support estimation revisited.

Motivation: The standard bootstrap method is used throughout science and engineering to perform general-purpose non-parametric resampling and re-estimation. Among the most widely cited and widely used such applications is the phylogenetic bootstrap method, which Felsenstein proposed in 1985 as a means to place statistical confidence intervals on an estimated phylogeny (or estimate 'phylogenetic support'). A key simplifying assumption of the bootstrap method is that input data are independent and identically distributed (i.

Prediction of tumor location in prostate cancer tissue using a machine learning system on gene expression data.

Background: Finding the tumor location in the prostate is an essential pathological step for prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment. The location of the tumor - the laterality - can be unilateral (the tumor is affecting one side of the prostate), or bilateral on both sides. Nevertheless, the tumor can be overestimated or underestimated by standard screening methods.

A Hierarchical Machine Learning Model to Discover Gleason Grade-Specific Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer.

(1) Background:One of the most common cancers that affect North American men and men worldwide is prostate cancer. The Gleason score is a pathological grading system to examine the potential aggressiveness of the disease in the prostate tissue. Advancements in computing and next-generation sequencing technology now allow us to study the genomic profiles of patients in association with their different Gleason scores more accurately and effectively.

Contribution of TLR4 signaling in intermittent hypoxia-mediated atherosclerosis progression.

Background: Intermittent hypoxia (IH), a typical character of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is related to atherogenesis. However, the role of IH on atherosclerosis (AS) progression and the mechanisms involved remains poorly understood.

Methods: In the present study, high-fat fed ApoE mice were treated with recombinant shRNA-TLR4 lentivirus and exposed to IH.

Sample Size Calculations for Comparing Groups with Continuous Outcomes.

Sample size justification is required for all clinical studies. However, to many biomedical and clinical researchers, power and sample size analysis seems like a magic trick of statisticians. In this note, we discuss power and sample size calculations and show that biomedical and clinical investigators play a significant role in making such analyses possible and meaningful.

The Differences and Similarities Between Two-Sample -Test and Paired -Test.

In clinical research, comparisons of the results from experimental and control groups are often encountered. The two-sample -test (also called independent samples -test) and the paired -test are probably the most widely used tests in statistics for the comparison of mean values between two samples. However, confusion exists with regard to the use of the two test methods, resulting in their inappropriate use.

Inconsistency Between Univariate and Multiple Logistic Regressions.

Logistic regression is a popular statistical method in studying the effects of covariates on binary outcomes. It has been widely used in both clinical trials and observational studies. However, the results from the univariate regression and from the multiple logistic regression tend to be conflicting.

Two Paradoxes in Linear Regression Analysis.

Regression is one of the favorite tools in applied statistics. However, misuse and misinterpretation of results from regression analysis are common in biomedical research. In this paper we use statistical theory and simulation studies to clarify some paradoxes around this popular statistical method.

Continuous EEG monitoring enhances multimodal outcome prediction in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.

Objective: Hypoxic brain injury is the largest contributor to disability and mortality after cardiac arrest. We aim to identify electroencephalogram (EEG) characteristics that can predict outcome on cardiac arrest patients treated with targeted temperature management (TTM).

Methods: We retrospectively examined clinical, EEG, functional outcome at discharge, and in-hospital mortality for 373 adult subjects with return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest.