Evaluating the Efficacy of Active Ingredients Used in Roach Baits against Small Hive Beetle () and Their Safety to Honey Bees ().

Beekeepers need new treatment options for controlling small hive beetles (), a devastating honey bee () pest. For many years, commercial beekeepers in the U.S.

Brain effective connectivity and functional connectivity as markers of lifespan vascular exposures in middle-aged adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study.

Introduction: Effective connectivity (EC), the causal influence that functional activity in a source brain location exerts over functional activity in a target brain location, has the potential to provide different information about brain network dynamics than functional connectivity (FC), which quantifies activity synchrony between locations. However, head-to-head comparisons between EC and FC from either task-based or resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) data are rare, especially in terms of how they associate with salient aspects of brain health.

Methods: In this study, 100 cognitively-healthy participants in the Bogalusa Heart Study aged 54.