Asymptomatic and Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infections in a Hungarian Outpatient Cohort in the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

We aimed to estimate the proportion of the population infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the first year of the pandemic. The study population consisted of outpatient adults with mild or no COVID-19 symptoms and was divided into subpopulations with different levels of exposure. Among the subpopulation without known previous COVID-19 contacts, 4143 patients were investigated.

Protection by humoral elements independent of virus neutralization activity against an influenza virus challenge.

To investigate the protective efficacy of a seasonal trivalent inactivated whole virion influenza vaccine (TIV) adjuvanted with aluminum phosphate (Fluval AB, referred to here as TIV+Al), we immunized mice with the TIV+Al, and as controls, with TIV, TIV+Al combined with Freund adjuvant (TIV+Al+F), inactivated A/PR/8/34(H1N1) (PR8) strain or PBS, and challenged them with a lethal dose of a mouse-adapted PR8 virus. Serum pools from immunized mice were passively transferred to recipient mice that were then challenged similarly. All actively immunized mice survived the challenge.

High-level cellular and humoral immune responses in Guinea pigs immunized intradermally with a heat-inactivated varicella-zoster virus vaccine.

The threat of varicella and herpes zoster in immunocompromised individuals necessitates the development of a safe and effective varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine. The immune responses of guinea pigs to the intradermal (i.d.

Fast vaccine design and development based on correlates of protection (COPs).

New and reemerging infectious diseases call for innovative and efficient control strategies of which fast vaccine design and development represent an important element. In emergency situations, when time is limited, identification and use of correlates of protection (COPs) may play a key role as a strategic tool for accelerated vaccine design, testing, and licensure. We propose that general rules for COP-based vaccine design can be extracted from the existing knowledge of protective immune responses against a large spectrum of relevant viral and bacterial pathogens.

Varicella-zoster virus vaccine, successes and difficulties.

Despite intensive efforts in recent decades to develop preventive or therapeutic vaccines against diseases caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), or varicella-zoster virus (VZV), members of the Alpha herpes virinae subfamily of human herpes viruses,a safe and efficient vaccine has been approved for commercial development only against VZV. The VZV vaccine contains a live attenuated strain, OKA. It consists of amixture of at least 13 subpopulations of viruses, all with deletions, insertions or mutations in the genome; the most common mutations are observed in the open reading frame 62 (ORF62).

[Importance of the case of coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome detected in Hungary in 2005].

Ten years have elapsed since the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak, which resulted in more than 8000 cases worldwide with more than 700 deaths. Recently, a new coronavirus, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus emerged, causing serious respiratory cases and death. By the end of August 2013, 108 cases including 50 deaths were reported.

Protection of Chinese painted quails (Coturnix chinensis) against a highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus strain after vaccination.

Chinese painted quails immunized with a single dose (6 μg HA) of inactivated H5N1 (clade 1) influenza vaccine NIBRG-14 and challenged with 100 LD50 of the heterologous A/Swan/Nagybaracska/01/06(H5N1) (clade 2.2) strain were protected, whereas unvaccinated quails died after challenge. No viral antigens or RNA were detected in cloacal swabs from immunized animals.