Anal Sphincter Reconstruction Using the Posterior Sagittal Approach for Pediatric Perineal Trauma.

Traumatic perineal injuries are rare but can result in significant morbidity, particularly when the anal sphincter is injured. The management of such injuries in the pediatric population is rarely noted in the literature. We aimed to describe reconstruction in such patients using lessons learned in reoperative anorectal malformation surgery.

The PPP - Perineal Body Preserving PSARP (Posterior Sagittal Anorectoplasty) for Anorectal Malformation with Rectovestibular Fistula in Females-Report of Early Outcomes.

Introduction:  The perineal body preserving posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) (PPP) is a novel modification of the original PSARP for female patients with rectovestibular fistulas designed to eliminate the risk of perineal body dehiscence. This study aims to examine the outcomes following PPP.

Methods:  A retrospective, single-institution study was performed examining female patients with rectovestibular fistula who underwent PPP between January /2020 and December 2023.

Establishing Optimal Control Cohorts for Phase 1 Trials: Retrospective Analysis of Clinical and Biological Outcomes in Neonates and Infants Undergoing Two-Ventricle Repair.

Phase 1 trials are primarily conducted to evaluate the safety and feasibility of new interventions, usually without recruiting control patients. This retrospective study aims to characterize clinical and biological outcomes in historical and contemporary cases of neonates and infants undergoing two-ventricle repair to facilitate future secondary endpoint analyses for such trials. This retrospective study included neonates/infants (ages ≤ 6 months) who underwent two-ventricle repair between 2015 and 2021 using the same criteria as our phase 1 trial (n = 199).

Neighborhood location and nutritional resources as a risk factor for congenital heart disease in the fetus.

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect, influenced by maternal health, environmental conditions, and genetics. Maternal health and nutrition, particularly maternal diabetes, is a modifiable risk factor for development of CHD in the fetus. However, the importance of food access during pregnancy on the development of CHD remains unknown.

Exploring Language Used in Posts on r/birthcontrol: Case Study Using Data From Reddit Posts and Natural Language Processing to Advance Contraception Research.

Background: Contraceptive choice is central to reproductive autonomy. The internet, including social networking sites like Reddit, is an important resource for people seeking contraceptive information and support. A subreddit dedicated to contraception, r/birthcontrol, provides a platform for people to post about contraception.

A uniform strategy of primary repair of tetralogy of Fallot: Transventricular approach results in low reoperation rate in the first decade.

Objectives: To review outcomes after a uniform strategy of transventricular repair of tetralogy of Fallot.

Methods: A total of 244 consecutive patients underwent transventricular primary repair of tetralogy of Fallot from 2004 to 2019. Median age at operation was 71 days; 57 (23%) patients were premature; 57 (23%) patients had low birth weight (<2.

Azide-Masked Fluorescence Turn-On Probe for Imaging Mycobacteria.

A fluorescence turn-on probe, an azide-masked and trehalose-derivatized carbazole (), was developed to image mycobacteria. The fluorescence turn-on is achieved by photoactivation of the azide, which generates a fluorescent product through an efficient intramolecular C-H insertion reaction. The probe is highly specific for mycobacteria and could image mycobacteria in the presence of other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Understanding the role of men in women's use of the vaginal ring and oral PrEP during pregnancy and breastfeeding: multi-stakeholder perspectives.

We examined men's influence on women's interest in biomedical HIV prevention during pregnancy and breastfeeding through structured questionnaires and focus group discussions with currently or recently pregnant and breastfeeding (P/BF) women ( = 65), men with P/BF partners ( = 63) and mothers/mothers-in-law of P/BF women ( = 68) in eastern and southern Africa. Data were transcribed, coded and summarised into analytical memos. Men were depicted by most participants as joint decision-makers and influencers of women's use of HIV prevention.

''Ask the way from those who have walked it before"-Grandmothers' roles in health-related decision making and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use among pregnant and breastfeeding women in sub-Saharan Africa.

HIV acquisition among pregnant and breastfeeding women in sub-Saharan Africa and vertical transmission rates remain high despite established strategies for HIV prevention. During the MTN-041/MAMMA study, we explored the influence of grandmothers (mothers and mothers-in-law of pregnant and breastfeeding women) in eastern and southern Africa on the health-related decisions of pregnant and breastfeeding women and their potential to support use of HIV prevention products. To do this we used structured questionnaires and focus group discussions with three stakeholder groups: 1) grandmothers, 2) HIV-uninfected currently or recently pregnant or breastfeeding women and 3) male partners of currently or recently pregnant or breastfeeding women.

Assessing and improving public mental health literacy concerning rTMS.

Background: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has received empirical support as a viable treatment alternative for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Nevertheless, patients and the public-at-large may be hesitant to adopt rTMS. In three studies, we sought to (1) assess and (2) improve public perceptions of rTMS as a treatment for depression.

Population-Based Teacher-Rated Assessment of Anxiety Among Canadian Kindergarten Children.

Despite anxiety being a prevalent mental health problem in children, little data exist on the pervasiveness and levels of anxiety symptoms in kindergarteners. Data from the Early Development Instrument, a teacher-completed, population-level measure of child development, were collected across Canada from 2004 to 2015. The final analytic sample consisted of 974,319 children of whom 2.

Sexual Attitudes, Beliefs, Practices, and HIV Risk During Pregnancy and Post-delivery: A Qualitative Study in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.

Women who acquire HIV during the pregnancy and breastfeeding periods have a higher risk of transmitting the virus to their child than women who become infected with HIV before pregnancy. We explore the context of sexual beliefs and practices that may shape both HIV risk and willingness to use HIV prevention products during pregnancy and postpartum in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Twenty-three single sex focus group discussions and 36 in-depth interviews took place between May and November 2018 with recently pregnant or breastfeeding women, men, mothers and mothers-in-law of pregnant or breastfeeding women, and key informants.

Event Perception and Social Skills in Undergraduates with ADHD Symptoms.

Background: Event perception provides a promising, novel approach for investigating underlying cognitive mechanisms of the social impairment associated with symptoms of ADHD.

Aims: The goal of this study was to establish the relationship among event perception, symptoms of ADHD, and social skills.

Methodology: Eighty-three undergraduates were recruited from the University of Ottawa first year psychology courses (38 with ADHD, 45 without ADHD).

Religious leaders' role in pregnant and breastfeeding women's decision making and willingness to use biomedical HIV prevention strategies: a multi-country analysis.

Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is an established option, and the dapivirine vaginal ring is emerging as a promising strategy for HIV prevention option for women. Because of this, understanding the contextual and cultural factors that will support the increased uptake of these products is crucial. In sub-Saharan Africa, religious leaders may be important stakeholders to involve in product information, education and roll-out.

After their wives have delivered, a lot of men like going out: Perceptions of HIV transmission risk and support for HIV prevention methods during breastfeeding in sub-Saharan Africa.

Female-initiated HIV prevention methods, such as oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and the vaginal ring, may be important risk reduction strategies for breastfeeding women. Given their novelty, information about the sociocultural context and how it influences perceptions of and support for their use during breastfeeding is lacking. To address this gap, we conducted 23 focus group discussions separately with pregnant and breastfeeding women, male partners and grandmothers (N = 196) and 36 in-depth interviews with key informants in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe.

A Model for the Solution Structure of Human Fe(II)-Bound Acireductone Dioxygenase and Interactions with the Regulatory Domain of Matrix Metalloproteinase I (MMP-I).

The metalloenzyme acireductone dioxygenase (ARD) shows metal-dependent physical and enzymatic activities depending upon the metal bound in the active site. The Fe(II)-bound enzyme catalyzes the penultimate step of the methionine salvage pathway, converting 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one (acireductone) into formate and the ketoacid precursor of methionine, 2-keto-4-thiomethyl-2-oxobutanoate, using O as the oxidant. If Ni(II) is bound, an off-pathway shunt occurs, producing 3-methylthiopropionate, formate, and carbon monoxide from the same acireductone substrate.

Influences on willingness to use vaginal or oral HIV PrEP during pregnancy and breastfeeding in Africa: the multisite MAMMA study.

Introduction: Women in sub-Saharan Africa spend a substantial portion of their reproductive lives pregnant and/or breastfeeding (P/BF), yet they have limited options to prevent HIV during these maternal stages. In preparation for phase 3b prevention trials in P/BF women, we explored attitudes about using a vaginal ring or oral pills for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), perceptions of HIV risk during P/BF and key influences on future PrEP use.

Methods: In 2018, we conducted 16 single-sex focus group discussions (FGDs) with community- and clinic-recruited HIV-uninfected women, currently or recently P/BF, aged 18 to 40, and men with (currently or recently) P/BF partners, aged 18+.

An intervention to decrease time to parents' first hold of infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit requiring respiratory support.

Background: There are many barriers to parental skin-to-skin contact for critically ill neonates. Our aims were to decrease median time to first parental hold of neonates requiring respiratory support from 6.4 to 3 days, and to increase the percentage of neonates held within the first 24 h after birth from 6 to 75%.

Event Segmentation Deficits in ADHD.

Event segmentation is the automatic cognitive process of chunking ongoing information into meaningful events. Event segmentation theory (EST) proposes that event segmentation is a grouping process fundamental to normal, everyday perceptual processing, taking a central role in attention and action control. The neurocognitive deficits observed among individuals with ADHD overlap those involved in event segmentation, but to date no research has examined event segmentation in the context of ADHD.

Interventions to significantly improve service uptake and retention of HIV-positive pregnant women and HIV-exposed infants along the prevention of mother-to-child transmission continuum of care: systematic review.

Objectives: Despite the success of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programmes, low uptake of services and poor retention pose a formidable challenge to achieving the elimination of vertical HIV transmission in low- and middle-income countries. This systematic review summarises interventions that demonstrate statistically significant improvements in service uptake and retention of HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women and their infants along the PMTCT cascade.

Methods: Databases were systematically searched for peer-reviewed studies.

Development, Use, and Impact of a Global Laboratory Database During the 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa.

Background: The international impact, rapid widespread transmission, and reporting delays during the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa highlighted the need for a global, centralized database to inform outbreak response. The World Health Organization and Emerging and Dangerous Pathogens Laboratory Network addressed this need by supporting the development of a global laboratory database.

Methods: Specimens were collected in the affected countries from patients and dead bodies meeting the case definitions for Ebola virus disease.

The effect of HIV counselling and testing on HIV acquisition in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.

Objectives: Annually, millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) receive HIV counselling and testing (HCT), a service designed to inform persons of their HIV status and, if HIV uninfected, reduce HIV acquisition risk. However, the impact of HCT on HIV acquisition has not been systematically evaluated. We conducted a systematic review to assess this relationship in SSA.